Data encryption for directly connected host

ABSTRACT

A storage system may assign a different encryption key to each logical storage unit (LSU) of a storage system. For each LSU, the encryption key of the LSU may be shared only with host systems authorized to access data of the LSU. In response to a read request for a data portion received from a host application executing on the host system, encryption metadata for the data portion may be accessed. If it is determined from the encryption metadata that the data portion is encrypted, the data encryption metadata for the data portion may be further analyzed to determine the encryption key for the data portion. The data may be retrieved from the storage system, for example, by performance of a direct read operation. The retrieved data may be decrypted, and the decrypted data may be returned to the requesting application.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

This application generally relates to data storage systems, and more particularly to data encryption on a storage system.

Description of Related Art

Data storage systems (often referred to herein simply as “storage systems”) may include storage resources used by one or more host systems (sometimes referred to herein as “hosts”), i.e., servers, to store data. One or more storage systems and one or more host systems may be interconnected by one or more network components, for example, as part of a switching fabric, to form a data storage network (often referred to herein simply as “storage network”). Storage systems may provide any of a variety of data services to host systems of the storage network.

A host system may have host applications that utilize the data services provided by one or more storage systems of the storage network to store data on the physical storage devices (e.g., tape, disks or solid state devices) thereof. For a given application, to perform input/output (TO) operations utilizing a physical storage device of the storage system, one or more components of the host system, storage system and network components therebetween may be used. Each of the one or more combinations of these components over which IO operations between an application and a physical storage device can be performed may be considered an IO path between the application and the physical storage device. These IO paths collectively define a connectivity of the storage network.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In an embodiment, a method is performed for a data storage network including a data storage system and a plurality of host systems having applications executing thereon, the execution of which results in data being stored on a plurality of physical storage devices of the data storage system, and including a plurality of logical storage units corresponding to the plurality of physical storage devices. The method includes assigning a first unique encryption key to a first of the plurality of logical storage units, providing the first unique encryption key to one or more of the plurality of host systems that have an application executing thereon corresponding to the first logical storage unit, refraining from providing the first unique encryption key to any of the plurality of host systems that do not have an application executing thereon corresponding to the first logical storage unit, and encrypting data portions of the first logical storage unit stored on one or more of the plurality of physical storage devices using the first unique encryption key. The method may include receiving a request from a first of the plurality of host systems for the first unique encryption key, accessing a data structure that associates logical storage units with host systems to determine whether the first host system corresponds to the first logical storage unit, and, if the first host system corresponds to the first logical storage unit, providing the first encryption key to the first host system. The method may include a first of the one or more host systems accessing encryption metadata corresponding to the data portion, the first host system reading an encrypted version of the data portion from the storage system, and the host system decrypting the encrypted version to produce an unencrypted version of the data portion. The first host system may access the encryption metadata includes the host system sending a metadata read instruction the storage system. The host system may be directly connected to an internal fabric of the storage system, and the first host system reading the encrypted version of the data portion includes the first host system sending a data read instruction to a global memory or the one or more physical storage devices on the internal fabric independent of any director of the storage system. The method may include the host system determining whether the data portion may be encrypted from the encryption metadata. The data storage system may set a flag within the encryption metadata for the data portion indicating that the data portion may be stored on the data storage system in encrypted form.

In an embodiment, a system is provided for a data storage network including a data storage system and a plurality of host systems having applications executing thereon, the execution of which results in data being stored on a plurality of physical storage devices of the data storage system, and including a plurality of logical storage units corresponding to the plurality of physical storage devices. The system includes one or more processors and a memory including code thereon that, when executed, performs a method. The method includes assigning a first unique encryption key to a first of the plurality of logical storage units, providing the first unique encryption key to one or more of the plurality of host systems that have an application executing thereon corresponding to the first logical storage unit, refraining from providing the first unique encryption key to any of the plurality of host systems that do not have an application executing thereon corresponding to the first logical storage unit, and encrypting data portions of the first logical storage unit stored on one or more of the plurality of physical storage devices using the first unique encryption key. The method may include the storage system: receiving a request from a first of the plurality of host systems for the first unique encryption key, accessing a data structure that associates logical storage units with host systems to determine whether the first host system corresponds to the first logical storage unit, and, if the first host system corresponds to the first logical storage unit, providing the first encryption key to the first host system. The method may include a first of the one or more host systems accessing encryption metadata corresponding to the data portion, the first host system reading an encrypted version of the data portion from the storage system, and the host system decrypting the encrypted version to produce an unencrypted version of the data portion. The first host system accessing the encryption metadata may includes the host system sending a metadata read instruction the storage system. The host system may be directly connected to an internal fabric of the storage system, and the first host system reading the encrypted version of the data portion may include the first host system sending a data read instruction to a global memory or the one or more physical storage devices on the internal fabric independent of any director of the storage system. The method may include the host system determining whether the data portion may be encrypted from the encryption metadata. The data storage system may set a flag within the encryption metadata for the data portion indicating that the data portion may be stored on the data storage system in encrypted form.

In an embodiment, a computer-readable media is provided for a data storage network including a data storage system and a plurality of host systems having applications executing thereon, the execution of which results in data being stored on a plurality of physical storage devices of the data storage system, and including a plurality of logical storage units corresponding to the plurality of physical storage devices. The computer-readable media has software stored thereon, the software including executable code that assigns a first unique encryption key to a first of the plurality of logical storage units, executable code that provides the first unique encryption key to one or more of the plurality of host systems that have an application executing thereon corresponding to the first logical storage unit, executable code that refrains from providing the first unique encryption key to any of the plurality of host systems that do not have an application executing thereon corresponding to the first logical storage unit, and executable code that encrypts data portions of the first logical storage unit stored on one or more of the plurality of physical storage devices using the first unique encryption key. The software may include executable code that controls receiving a request from a first of the plurality of host systems for the first unique encryption key, executable code that accesses a data structure that associates logical storage units with host systems to determine whether the first host system corresponds to the first logical storage unit, and executable code that provides, if the first host system corresponds to the first logical storage unit, the first encryption key to the first host system. The software may include executable code that controls a first of the one or more host systems to access encryption metadata corresponding to the data portion, executable code that controls the first host system to read an encrypted version of the data portion from the storage system, and executable code that controls the host system decrypting the encrypted version to produce an unencrypted version of the data portion. The first host system accessing the encryption metadata may include the host system sending a metadata read instruction the storage system. The host system may be directly connected to an internal fabric of the storage system, and the first host system reading the encrypted version of the data portion may include the first host system sending a data read instruction to a global memory or the one or more physical storage devices on the internal fabric independent of any director of the storage system. The software may include executable code that controls the host system to determine whether the data portion may be encrypted from the encryption metadata, and the data storage system may sets a flag within the encryption metadata for the data portion indicating that the data portion may be stored on the data storage system in encrypted form.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a data storage network, according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a storage system including multiple circuit boards, according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating an example of tables defining relationships between logical storage units and physical storage devices on a data storage system, according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 3B a block diagram illustrating an example of a table used for a thin logical device, according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 3C is a block diagram illustrating an example of a data structure for mapping logical storage unit tracks to cache slots, according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 3D is a block diagram illustrating an example of a data structure defining port connectivity permissions between a storage system and one or more host systems, according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a system including a host system communicatively coupled to a data storage system via multiple IO paths, according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a plurality of logical layers of a combination of a host system and a data storage system for processing an IO request, according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a data storage network, including one or more host systems directly connected to internal fabric of a storage system, according to embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a storage system interface of a host system directly connected to internal fabric of a storage system, according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 8A is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method of processing an IO request on a system in which a host system is directly connected to internal fabric of a storage system, according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 8B is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method of processing a read operation, according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 9 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of a method of performing a write operation, according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 10 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of a method of a host system reading data directly from a cache of a storage system, according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 11 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of a host system reading data from a physical storage device of a storage system independent of any director, according to embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating an example of using encryption on a storage system, according to embodiments of the invention; and

FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating an example of reading encrypted data from a storage system, according to embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

As described in more detail elsewhere herein, a storage system may include a plurality of physical storage devices (e.g., disk drives or flash drives) on which data is stored and several other components for providing data services for host systems in relation to the data stored on the physical storage devices. Data may be stored on these physical storage devices in encrypted form, where such encryption may be referred to herein as data-at-rest encryption (DARE). In some storage systems, the physical storage devices themselves are configured to encrypt data written to the physical storage devices and decrypt the data when read therefrom. Such devices may be referred to as self-encrypting drives (SEDs). SEDs tend to be more expensive than physical storage devices that are not configured to encrypt/decrypt data, which may be referred to herein as non-SEDs or NSEDs. Thus, for cost savings, it may be more desirable to use NSEDs as opposed to SEDs. In storage systems that use NSEDs, the other components of the storage system may be configured to encrypt and decrypt data written to and read from, respectively, the physical storage devices.

In some storage systems available today, the storage system includes directors, storage processors or the like that control access to all data stored on the physical storage devices of the storage system. That is, all data reads and data writes pass through the directors. In such storage systems, when NSEDs are employed and encryption is performed by the other components of the storage system, a same encryption key may be used by the storage system for all physical storage devices or a different encryption key may be used for different physical storage devices. In either case, the encryption key(s) need not be shared with any host systems or other components external to the storage system because the storage system handles all of the access to data on the physical storage devices. In the event a physical storage device fails, is replaced, is stolen and/or is otherwise removed from the storage system, there at least some level of security in the fact that all the data on the physical storage device is encrypted with an encryption key that was not shared with host systems or otherwise made public.

In some embodiments of the invention described herein, a host system may be directly connected to an internal switching fabric (“internal fabric”) of the data storage system without an intervening component of the storage system (e.g., a director) controlling access of the host system to the internal fabric or to the memory and physical devices connected to the internal fabric. For example, the host system may include a storage system interface (SSI) physically connected directly to the internal fabric of the data storage system, where the SSI is physically connected to a remainder of the host system by one or more interconnects or busses (e.g., in accordance with PCIe technology). Such direct connection to the internal fabric may reduce (e.g., substantially) IO (e.g., read and write) response times and access times to other information (e.g., metadata) on the storage system.

In such embodiments, even though the host system has direct access to data on physical storage devices—i.e., access that is not controlled by a director or the like, the host system may not be able to decrypt the data if the data is encrypted because the encryption metadata (e.g., the encryption key, encryption algorithm, encrypted data portion size, etc.) may be available only on the storage system. That is, the encryption metadata is not available to host systems or any other components (e.g., or a storage network) external to the storage system. Accordingly, although such host systems can access the data independent of a director, the host systems cannot read data encrypted by the data storage system (e.g., when it was written to the storage system by another entity). For this reason, for systems in which one or more host systems have direct access to data in memory and/or on physical storage devices, encryption may be disabled to avoid host systems not being able to directly read data to which the host systems have access. However, by disabling encryption, the security afforded by data encryption is lost. Another solution is to use SEDs, but as noted above, SEDs may be more expensive than NSEDs, and thus may not be less desirable to use.

According to some embodiments of the invention, a potential solution allowing use of encryption for NSEDs when one or more host systems have access to physical storage devices independent of a director is to provide the encryption key(s) for the physical storage devices to the host systems. However, as described in more detail elsewhere herein, each physical storage device may have data stored thereon corresponding to multiple different logical storage units (LSUs; e.g., logical devices or logical volumes), and each of these LSUs may be associated with one or more different applications executing on a plurality of different host systems. For example, which host systems are authorized to access which logical storage units on a storage system may be predefined, for example, in a masking table of the storage system. Thus, if a host system is given an encryption key for an entire physical storage device, the host system may be able to use the encryption key to access data for one or more LSUs having data stored on the physical storage device for which the host system is not authorized (e.g., by the masking table) to access.

What may be desirable is a storage system capable of encrypting data without use of SEDs that also allows host systems to access data on physical storage drives independently of directors, while not allowing such host systems access to the encryption keys for data for which the host systems are not authorized to access.

Described herein are mechanisms and techniques for implementing data encryption on a storage system for which one or more host systems have direct access to data on physical storage devices and/or in a cache of the storage system, while not allowing such host systems access to the encryption keys for data for which the host systems are not authorized to access.

In some embodiments, the storage system assigns a different (i.e., unique) encryption key to each LSU, e.g., as opposed to assigning different encryption keys to each physical storage device of the storage system or a same encryption key to all physical storage devices of the storage system. The storage system may encrypt the data for each LSU using the respective encryption key, and may update metadata associated with the LSUs and/or the data portions thereof to reflect that the data is encrypted. That is, the metadata associated with a data portion (specifically or as a sub-portion of an LSU) may include encryption metadata specifying whether the data portion is encrypted, and if so, other information about the encryption, including, for example, the encryption key, encryption algorithm, size of the data portion when encrypted (e.g., encrypted size), and other encryption information. Thus, the metadata for a data portion may specify encryption metadata along with other metadata about the data portion, including the one or more physical storage devices on which the data portion resides, a location (e.g., logical block address range) on the physical storage device, whether the data portion is in a cache of the storage system, and, if so, a memory location of the data portion in the cache.

The storage system may be configured to encrypt a data portion of an LSU in response to a write instruction (e.g., using the encryption key and other encryption metadata for the LSU), and may be configured to update the LSU encryption metadata off-line, e.g., in bulk, independent of any write operation. For example, in response to a user instruction (e.g., from a system administrator) or at a prescheduled time, the storage system may encrypt the data stored thereon (e.g., on physical storage devices and/or in cache memory). For example, the storage system may loop through each LSU (e.g., per one or more data structures defining metadata for the LSUs), and the data portions (e.g., logical tracks) thereof, encrypt the data portions and update the metadata (including the encryption metadata) accordingly.

In some embodiments, the encryption metadata, including the encryption key, for one or more data portions may be provided to a host system for the LSUs for which the host systems is authorized to access. Such encryption metadata may be provided, for example, in response to a request received from the host system or a user of the storage system, or at a prescheduled time (e.g., periodically). For example, in response to a request received from a host system for encryption metadata for an LSU or a data portion thereof, the storage system may determine whether the host system is authorized to receive encryption metadata for the LSU. This determination may be made, for example, by accessing one or more data structures (e.g., a masking table or an index thereof) that specify the one or more host systems authorized to access data for an LSU on the storage system. If it is determined that the host system is not authorized to access data for a particular LSU, the storage system will refrain from providing encryption metadata for the LSU or a portion thereof to the host system. If it is determined that the host system is authorized to access data for a particular LSU, the storage system may provide the encryption metadata for the LSU or a portion thereof to the host system. The above-described communications between the host system and the storage system may be exchanged using an SSI on the host system that is physically connected directly to the internal fabric of the data storage system.

In some embodiments, at a prescheduled time (e.g., according to a schedule) or in response to a user instruction, the storage system may determine the one or more LSUs that a host system is authorized to access (e.g., by accessing a masking table), and send the host system the encryption metadata for each LSU and/or for each data portion of the LSU. The storage system may do this for multiple host systems connected to the storage system (e.g., on a data storage network), for example, by looping through the entries of a masking table or index(es) derived therefrom, e.g., indexed by LSU ID or host ID.

In response to a read request for a data portion received from a host application executing on the host system, the host system may determine whether the host system already has encryption metadata for the data portion, for example, as a result of actions described above. If the host system does not already have the encryption metadata for the data portion, the host system may obtain the encryption metadata for the data portion, including encryption metadata, for example, as described above.

The host system may read the data portion from the storage system (before, after or during obtaining the encryption metadata), for example, by sending a read data instruction to the storage system. In some embodiments, the read data instruction may be sent using the SSI on the host system that is physically connected directly to the internal fabric of the data storage system, and may be sent to the physical storage device or cache on which the data portion is stored independently of a director (or the like) of the storage system). The host system handling a read request by sending a data read instruction directly to cache or a physical storage device without use of a director may be referred to herein as a “direct read” or “direct read operation.” A direct read operation also may include, prior to sending the data read request, sending a metadata read instruction (i.e., an instruction to read metadata) to the storage system, e.g., to a director (or the like) or directly to the global memory without use of a director.

If it is determined from the encryption metadata that the data portion is not encrypted, then the data portion read from the storage system may be sent to the host application that originated the read request. If it is determined from the encryption metadata that the data portion is encrypted, the data portion may be decrypted, and the decrypted data portion sent to the host application that originated the read request. The data portion may be decrypted using the encryption metadata, including the encryption key specific to the LSU of the data portion.

It should be appreciated that while some embodiments are described herein primarily in relation to host systems accessing encrypted data on physical storage devices, the invention is not so limited, and embodiments of the invention include accessing encrypted data in cache using the same or similar techniques as described herein in relation to accessing encrypted data on physical storage devices.

Illustrative embodiments of the invention will now be described in more detail in relation to the figures.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of an embodiment of a data storage network 10 (often referred to herein as a “storage network”). The storage network 10 may include any of: host systems (i.e., “hosts”) 14 a-n; network 18; one or more storage systems 20 a-n; other components; or any suitable combination of the foregoing. Storage systems 20 a-n, connected to host systems 14 a-n through network 18, may collectively constitute a distributed storage system 20. All of the host computers 14 a-n and storage systems 20 a-n may be located at the same physical site, or, alternatively, two or more host computers 14 a-n and/or storage systems 20 a-n may be located at different physical locations. Storage network 10 or portions thereof (e.g., one or more storage systems 20 a-n in combination with network 18) may be any of a variety of types of storage networks, such as, for example, a storage area network (SAN), e.g., of a data center. Embodiments of the invention are described herein in reference to storage system 20 a, but it should be appreciated that such embodiments may be implemented using other discrete storage systems (e.g., storage system 20 n), alone or in combination with storage system 20 a.

The N hosts 14 a-n may access the storage system 20 a, for example, in performing input/output (IO) operations or data requests, through network 18. For example, each of hosts 14 a-n may include one or more host bus adapters (HBAs) (not shown) that each include one or more host ports for connecting to network 18. The network 18 may include any one or more of a variety of communication media, switches and other components known to those skilled in the art, including, for example: a repeater, a multiplexer or even a satellite. Each communication medium may be any of a variety of communication media including, but not limited to: a bus, an optical fiber, a wire and/or other type of data link, known in the art. The network 18 may include at least a portion of the Internet, or a proprietary intranet, and components of the network 18 or components connected thereto may be configured to communicate in accordance with any of a plurality of technologies, including, for example: SCSI, ESCON, Fibre Channel (FC), iSCSI, FCoE, GIGE (Gigabit Ethernet), NVMe over Fabric (NVMeoF); other technologies, or any suitable combinations of the foregoing, each of which may have one or more associated standard specifications. In some embodiments, the network 18 may be, or include, a storage network fabric including one or more switches and other components. A network located externally to a storage system that connects host systems to storage system resources of the storage system, may be referred to herein as an “external network.”

Each of the host systems 14 a-n and the storage systems 20 a-n included in the storage network 10 may be connected to the network 18 by any one of a variety of connections as may be provided and supported in accordance with the type of network 18. The processors included in the host computer systems 14 a-n may be any one of a variety of proprietary or commercially available single or multi-processor system, such as an Intel-based processor, or other type of commercially available processor able to support traffic in accordance with each particular embodiment and application. Each of the host computer systems may perform different types of IO operations in accordance with different tasks and applications executing on the hosts. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, any one of the host computers 14 a-n may issue an IO request to the storage system 20 a to perform an IO operation. For example, an application executing on one of the host computers 14 a-n may perform a read or write operation resulting in one or more IO requests being transmitted to the storage system 20 a.

Each of the storage systems 20 a-n may be manufactured by different vendors and interconnected (not shown). Additionally, the storage systems 20 a-n also may be connected to the host systems through any one or more communication connections 31 that may vary with each particular embodiment and device in accordance with the different protocols used in a particular embodiment. The type of communication connection used may vary with certain system parameters and requirements, such as those related to bandwidth and throughput required in accordance with a rate of IO requests as may be issued by each of the host computer systems 14 a-n, for example, to the storage systems 20 a-20 n. It should be appreciated that the particulars of the hardware and software included in each of the components that may be included in the storage systems 20 a-n are described herein in more detail, and may vary with each particular embodiment.

Each of the storage systems, such as 20 a, may include a plurality of physical storage devices 24 (e.g., physical non-volatile storage devices) such as, for example, disk devices, solid-state storage devices (SSDs, e.g., flash, storage class memory (SCM), NVMe SSD, NVMe SCM) or even magnetic tape, and may be enclosed within a disk array enclosure (DAE) 27. In some embodiments, two or more of the physical storage devices 24 may be grouped or arranged together, for example, in an arrangement consisting of N rows of physical storage devices 24 a-n. In some embodiments, one or more physical storage devices (e.g., one of the rows 24 a-n of physical storage devices) may be connected to a back-end adapter (“BE”) (e.g., a director configured to serve as a BE) responsible for the backend management of operations to and from a portion of the physical storage devices 24. A BE is sometimes referred to by those in the art as a disk adapter (“DA”) because of the development of such adapters during a period in which disks were the dominant type of physical storage device used in storage systems, even though such so-called DAs may be configured to manage other types of physical storage devices (e.g., SSDs). In the system 20 a, a single BE, such as 23 a, may be responsible for the management of one or more (e.g., a row) of physical storage devices, such as row 24 a. That is, in some configurations, all IO communications with one or more physical storage devices 24 may be controlled by a specific BE. BEs 23 a-n may employ one or more technologies in communicating with, and transferring data to/from, physical storage devices 24, for example, SAS, SATA or NVMe. For NVMe, to enable communication between each BE and the physical storage devices that it controls, the storage system may include a PCIe switch for each physical storage device controlled by the BE; i.e., connecting the physical storage device to the controlling BE.

It should be appreciated that the physical storage devices are not limited to being arranged in rows. Further, the DAE 27 is not limited to enclosing disks, as the name may suggest, but may be constructed and arranged to enclose a plurality of any type of physical storage device, including any of those described herein, or combinations thereof.

The system 20 a also may include one or more host adapters (“HAs”) 21 a-n, which also are referred to herein as front-end adapters (“FAs”) (e.g., directors configured to serve as FAs). Each of these FAs may be used to manage communications and data operations between one or more host systems and GM 25 b of memory 26. The FA may be, or include, a Fibre Channel (FC) adapter if FC is a technology being used to communicate between the storage system 20 a and the one or more host systems 14 a-n, or may be another type of adapter based on the one or more technologies being used for IO communications.

Also shown in the storage system 20 a is a remote adapter (“RA”) 40. The RA may be, or include, hardware that includes a processor used to facilitate communication between storage systems (e.g., 20 a and 20 n), such as between two of the same or different types of storage systems, and/or may be implemented using a director.

Storage system 20 a also may include a management module 22, which may be configured (e.g., dedicated) to performing storage management functions or services such as, for example, storage provisioning, device configuration, tier management, other services, or any combination of other services. The management module may be configured to be accessed by only certain personnel (e.g., storage administrators, support engineers) and may have its own dedicated hardware, firmware, software, CPU resources and OS, and may be loaded with one or more applications, tools, CLIs, APIs and the like to enable management. In some embodiments, the management module, or portions thereof, may be located external to storage system 20 a, for example, as part of one of host systems 14 a-n or another separate system connected to storage system 20 a via network 18.

The FAs, BEs and RA may be collectively referred to herein as directors 37 a-n. Each director 37 a-n may include a processing core including compute resources, for example, one or more CPUs cores and/or a CPU complex for processing IO operations, and may be implemented on a circuit board, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. There may be any number of directors 37 a-n, which may be limited based on any of a number of factors, including spatial, computation and storage limitations. In an embodiment disclosed herein, there may be up to sixteen directors coupled to the memory 26. Other embodiments may use a higher or lower maximum number of directors.

System 20 a also may include an internal switching fabric (i.e., internal fabric) 30, which may include one or more switches, that enables internal communications between components of the storage system 20 a, for example, directors 37 a-n (FAs 21 a-n, BEs 23 a-n, RA 40, management module 22) and memory 26, e.g., to perform IO operations. One or more internal logical communication paths may exist between the directors and the memory 26, for example, over the internal fabric 30. For example, any of the directors 37 a-n may use the internal fabric 30 to communicate with other directors to access any of physical storage devices 24; i.e., without having to use memory 26. In addition, one of the directors 37 a-n may be able to broadcast a message to all of the other directors 37 a-n over the internal fabric 30 at the same time. Each of the components of system 20 a may be configured to communicate over internal fabric 30 in accordance with one or more technologies such as, for example, InfiniBand (IB), Ethernet, GenZ, another technology, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

The GM portion 25 b may be used to facilitate data transfers and other communications between the directors 37 a-n in a storage system. In one embodiment, the directors 37 a-n (e.g., serving as FAs or BEs) may perform data operations using a cache 28 that may be included in the GM 25 b, for example, in communications with other directors, and other components of the system 20 a. The other portion 25 a is that portion of memory that may be used in connection with other designations that may vary in accordance with each embodiment. Global memory 25 b and cache 28 are described in more detail elsewhere herein. It should be appreciated that, although memory 26 is illustrated in FIG. 1 as being a single, discrete component of storage system 20 a, the invention is not so limited. In some embodiments, memory 26, or the GM 25 b or other memory 25 a thereof, may be distributed among a plurality of circuit boards (i.e., “boards”), as described in more detail elsewhere herein.

In at least one embodiment, write data received at the storage system from a host or other client may be initially written to cache 28 and marked as write pending. For example, cache 28 may be partitioned into one or more portions called cache slots, which may be a of a predefined uniform size, for example, 128 Kbytes. Write data of a write operation received at the storage system may be initially written (i.e., staged) in one or more of these cache slots and marked as write pending. Once written to cache 28, the host (e.g., one of 14 a-n) may be notified that the write operation has completed. At a later time, the write data may be de-staged from cache 28 to one or more physical storage devices 24 a-n, such as by a BE.

It should be noted that, although examples of techniques herein may be made with respect to a physical storage system and its physical components (e.g., physical hardware for each RA, BE, FA and the like), techniques herein may be performed in a physical storage system including one or more emulated or virtualized components (e.g., emulated or virtualized ports, emulated or virtualized BEs or FAs), and also a virtualized or emulated storage system including virtualized or emulated components. For example, in embodiments in which NVMe technology is used to communicate with, and transfer data between, a host system and one or more FAs, one or more of the FAs may be implemented using NVMe technology as an emulation of an FC adapter.

Storage system 20 a may include a back-up power supply 41 (e.g., a battery) that can provide power to the storage system for a limited amount of time to after primary (AC) power fails. This limited time may allow certain tasks to be performed during a window time beginning when the primary power fails until the earliest of: the primary power is restored; and the end of the limited lifetime (sometimes on the order of second or tens of seconds) of the back-up power supply. For example, during this window of time, the contents of the cache 28 may be de-staged to one or more physical storage devices.

Any of storage systems 20 a-n, or one or more components thereof, described in relation to FIGS. 1-2 may be implemented using one or more Symmetrix®, VMAX®, VMAX3® or PowerMax™ systems made available from Dell EMC.

Host systems 14 a-n may provide data and control (e.g., management and access control) information to storage systems 20 a-n over a plurality of IO paths defined between the host systems and storage systems, for example, including host system components, storage system components, and network components (e.g., of network 18), and the storage systems also may provide data to the host systems across the IO paths. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the host systems may not address the physical storage devices (e.g., disk drives or flash drives) 24 of the storage systems directly, but rather access to data may be provided to one or more host systems from what the host systems view as a plurality of logical storage units (LSUs) including, for example, a logical volume, logical block, LUN (i.e., logical device or logical disk), thin device, groups of logical devices (e.g., storage group), NVMe namespace, and other types of LSUs. For example, a PowerMax storage system may be configured to organize available storage resources (e.g., physical storage devices) into many LUNs, each with its own addressable space defined in logical blocks addresses (LBAs). The LSUs may or may not correspond to the actual physical storage devices. For example, one or more LSUs may map to a single physical storage device; that is, the logical address space of the one or more LSU may map to physical space on a single physical storage device. Data in a single storage system may be accessed by multiple hosts allowing the hosts to share the data residing therein. The FAs may be used in connection with communications between a storage system and a host system. The RAs may be used in facilitating communications between two storage systems. The BEs may be used in connection with facilitating communications to the associated physical storage device(s) based on LSU(s) mapped thereto.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example of at least a portion 211 of a storage system (e.g., 20 a) including multiple boards 212 a-212 n. Storage system 211 may include a plurality of boards 212 a-212 n and a fabric 230 (e.g., internal fabric 30) over which the boards 212 a-n may communicate. Each of the boards 212 a-212 n may include components thereon as illustrated. The fabric 230 may include, for example, one or more switches and connections between the switch(es) and boards 212 a-212 n. In at least one embodiment, the fabric 230 may be an D3 fabric.

In the following paragraphs, further details are described with reference to board 212 a but each of the N boards in a system may be similarly configured. For example, board 212 a may include one or more directors 216 a (e.g., directors 37 a-n) and memory portion 214 a. The one or more directors 216 a may include one or more processing cores 217 a including compute resources, for example, one or more CPUs cores and/or a CPU complex for processing IO operations, and be configured to function as one of the directors 37 a-n described herein. For example, element 216 a of board 212 a may be configured to operate, such as by executing code, as any one or more of an FA, BE, RA, and the like.

Each of the boards 212 a-n may include one or more host channel adapters (HCAs) 215 a-n, respectively, that physically couple, and are configured to enable communication between, the boards 212 a-n, respectively, and the fabric 230. In some embodiments, the fabric 230 may include multiple (e.g., 2) switches, and each HCA 215 a-n may have multiple (e.g., 2) ports, each one connected directly to one of the switches.

Each of the boards 212 a-n may, respectively, also include memory portions 214 a-n. The memory portion of each board may be characterized as locally accessible with respect to that particular board and with respect to other components on the same board. For example, board 212 a includes memory portion 214 a which is memory that is local to that particular board 212 a. Data stored in memory portion 214 a may be directly accessed by a CPU or core of a director 216 a of board 212 a. For example, memory portion 214 a may be a fast memory (e.g., DIMM (dual inline memory module) DRAM (dynamic random access memory)) that is locally accessible by a director 216 a where data from one location in 214 a may be copied to another location in 214 a directly using DMA operations (e.g., local memory copy operations) issued by director 216 a. Thus, the director 216 a may directly access data of 214 a locally without communicating over the fabric 230.

The memory portions 214 a-214 n of boards 212 a-n may be further partitioned into different portions or segments for different uses. For example, each of the memory portions 214 a-214 n may respectively include GM segments 220 a-n configured for collective use as segments of a distributed GM. Thus, data stored in any GM segment 220 a-n may be accessed by any director 216 a-n on any board 212 a-n. Additionally, each of the memory portions 214 a-n may respectively include board local segments 222 a-n. Each of the board local segments 222 a-n are respectively configured for use locally by the one or more directors 216 a-n, and possibly other components, residing on the same single board. In at least one embodiment where there is a single director denoted by 216 a (and generally by each of 216 a-n), data stored in the board local segment 222 a may be accessed by the respective single director 216 a located on the same board 212 a. However, the remaining directors located on other ones of the N boards may not access data stored in the board local segment 222 a.

To further illustrate, GM segment 220 a may include information such as user data stored in the data cache, metadata, and the like, that is accessed (e.g., for read and/or write) generally by any director of any of the boards 212 a-n. Thus, for example, any director 216 a-n of any of the boards 212 a-n may communicate over the fabric 230 to access data in GM segment 220 a. In a similar manner, any director 216 a-n of any of the boards 212 a-n may generally communicate over fabric 230 to access any GM segment 220 a-n comprising the GM. Although a particular GM segment, such as 220 a, may be locally accessible to directors on one particular board, such as 212 a, any director of any of the boards 212 a-n may generally access the GM segment 220 a. Additionally, the director 216 a may also use the fabric 230 for data transfers to and/or from GM segment 220 a even though 220 a is locally accessible to director 216 a (without having to use the fabric 230).

Also, to further illustrate, board local segment 222 a may be a segment of the memory portion 214 a on board 212 a configured for board-local use solely by components on the single/same board 212 a. For example, board local segment 222 a may include data described in following paragraphs which is used and accessed only by directors 216 a included on the same board 212 a as the board local segment 222 a. In at least one embodiment in accordance with techniques herein and as described elsewhere herein, each of the board local segments 222 a-n may include a local page table or page directory used, respectively, by only director(s) 216 a-n local to each of the boards 212 a-n.

In such an embodiment as in FIG. 2, the GM segments 220 a-n may be logically concatenated or viewed in the aggregate as forming one contiguous GM logical address space of a distributed GM. In at least one embodiment, the distributed GM formed by GM segments 220 a-n may include the data cache, various metadata and/or structures, and other information, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. Consistent with discussion herein, the data cache, having cache slots allocated from GM segments 220 a-n, may be used to store IO data (e.g., for servicing read and write operations).

In an embodiment, the storage system as described may be characterized as having one or more logical mapping layers in which an LSU of the storage system is exposed to the host whereby the LSU is mapped by such mapping layers of the storage system to one or more physical storage devices. Additionally, the host also may have one or more additional mapping layers so that, for example, a host-side LSU may be mapped to one or more storage system LSUs as presented to the host.

Any of a variety of data structures may be used to process IO on storage system 20 a, including data structures to manage the mapping of LSUs and locations thereon to physical storage devices and locations thereon. Such data structures may be stored in any of memory 26, including GM 25 b and memory 25 a, GM segment 220 a-n and/or board local segments 22 a-n. Thus, storage system 20 a, and storage system 620 a described in more detail elsewhere herein, may include memory elements (e.g., cache) that hold data stored on physical storage devices or that is currently held (“staged”) and will be stored (“de-staged”) to physical storage devices, and memory elements that store metadata (e.g., any of the metadata described herein) associated with such data. Illustrative examples of data structures for holding such metadata will now be described.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating an example of tables 60 defining relationships between LSUs and physical storage devices on a data storage system, according to embodiments of the invention. A first table 62 corresponds to the LSUs (e.g., logical deices) used by a storage system (e.g., storage system 20 a) or by an element of a storage system, such as an FA and/or a BE, and may be referred to herein as a “master LSU table.” The master LSU table 62 may include a plurality of LSU entries 66-68, each entry representing an LSU used by the storage system. The entries in the master LSU table 62 may include descriptions for any type of LSU described herein.

Each of the entries 66-68 of the master LSU table 62 may correspond to, and include a reference to, another table corresponding to the LSU represented by the respective entry. For example, the entry 67 may reference a table 72, referred to herein as an “LSU table,” corresponding to the LSU represented by the entry 67. The LSU table 72 may include a header that contains information pertinent to the LSU as a whole. The LSU table 72 also may include entries 76-78 for separate contiguous logical data portions of the represented LSU; each such logical data portion corresponding to, and including a reference to, one or more contiguous physical locations (e.g., logical block address ranges) of a physical storage device (e.g., a cylinder and/or a group of tracks). In an embodiment disclosed herein, an LSU may contain any number of logical data portions depending upon how the LSU is initialized. However, in other embodiments, an LSU may contain a fixed number of logical data portions.

Each of the logical data portion entries 76-78 may correspond to a track table. For example, the entry 77 may correspond to a track table (or “LSU track table”) 82, which includes a header 84. The LSU track table 82 also includes entries 86-88, each entry representing an LSU track of the entry 77. In an embodiment disclosed herein, there are fifteen tracks for each contiguous logical data portion. However, for other embodiments, it may be possible to have different numbers of tracks for each of the logical data portions or even a variable number of tracks for each logical data portion. The information in each of the LSU track entries 86-88 may include a pointer (either direct or indirect—e.g., through another data structure) to a physical address of a physical storage device, for example, any of physical storage devices 24 of the storage system 20 a (or a remote storage system if the system is so configured).

In addition to physical storage device addresses, or as an alternative thereto, each of the LSU track entries 86-88 may include a pointer (either direct or indirect—e.g., through another data structure) to one or more cache slots of a cache in the GM if the data of the logical track is currently in cache. For example, an LSU track entry 86-88 may point to one or more entries of cache slot table 300, described in more detail elsewhere herein. Thus, the LSU track table 82 may be used to map logical addresses of an LSU corresponding to the tables 62, 72, 82 to physical addresses within physical storage devices of a storage system and/or to cache slots within a cache.

In some embodiments, each entry 86-88 may specify a version of the data stored on the track, as described in more detail elsewhere herein.

FIG. 3B is a diagram illustrating an example of a table 72′ used for a thin logical device (i.e., a thin LSU), which may include null pointers as well as entries similar to entries for the LSU table 72, discussed above, that point to a plurality of LSU track tables 82 a-82 e. Table 72′ may be referred to herein as a “thin device table.” A thin logical device may be allocated by the system to show a particular storage capacity while having a smaller amount of physical storage that is actually allocated. When a thin logical device is initialized, all (or at least most) of the entries in the thin device table 72′ may be set to null. Physical data may be allocated for particular sections as data is written to the particular logical data portion. If no data is written to a logical data portion, the corresponding entry in the thin device table 72′ for the data portion maintains the null pointer that was written at initialization.

FIG. 3C is a block diagram illustrating an example of a data structure 300 for mapping LSU tracks (e.g., thin device tracks) to cache slots of a cache. Data structure 300 may be referred to herein as a “cache slot table.” Cache slot table 300 may include a plurality of entries (i.e., rows) 302, each row representing an LSU track (e.g., any of LSU tracks 86-88 in track table 82) identified by an LSU ID in column 304 and an LSU track ID (e.g., number) identified in column 306. For each entry of cache slot table 300, column 512 may specify a cache location in a cache corresponding to the logical storage device track specified by columns 304 and 306. A combination of an LSU identifier and LSU track identifier may be used to determine from columns 304 and 306 whether the data of the identified LSU track currently resides in any cache slot identified in column 312. Through use of information from any of tables 62, 72, 72′ and 82 described in more detail elsewhere herein, the one or more LSU tracks of an LSU specified in an IO operation can be mapped to one or more cache slots. Further, using the same data structures, the one or more physical address ranges corresponding to the one or more LSU tracks of the LSU may be mapped to one or more cache slots.

Storage systems (e.g., the storage system 20 a) also may maintain data structures (e.g., masking tables) that define IO connectivity in terms of LSUs, storage ports and host ports; i.e., which ports of a host system (“host ports”; e.g., SCSI initiators) are permitted to perform IO communications with which LSUs (e.g., identified with, and sometimes referred to as, a Logical Unit Numbers (LUNs)) over which ports of a storage system (“storage ports” e.g., SCSI targets). Defining (including initially defining and later modifying) which host ports are permitted to perform IO communications with which LSUs over which storage ports, for example, using a masking table or other data structure, may be referred to as configuring or defining IO connectivity between a host port, storage port and LSU, or more simply as “masking.”

FIG. 3D is a block diagram illustrating an example of a data structure 350 defining port connectivity permissions between a storage system and one or more host systems, according to embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments of a data structure defining port connectivity permissions between a storage system and one or more host systems, for example, variations of data structure 350, are possible and are intended to fall within the scope of the invention. In some embodiments, data structure 350 may be a masking table. Data structure 350 may include a plurality of entries 360, each entry representing an LSU (e.g., logical device) identified in column 352 and specifying a host port (e.g., by World Wide Name (WWN)) in column 354 with which the identified LSU is enabled to communicate IO over the storage port identified in column 356. Other information, for example, the host and/or the HBA associated with the host port and/or the HA associated with the storage port may be specified in column 358. A data structure other than a table, for example, a linked list and/or object-oriented data structure, may be used to record the same information.

The tables 62, 72, 72′, 82, 300 and 350 of FIGS. 3A-3C may be stored in the GM 26 of the storage system 20 a during operation thereof and may otherwise be stored in non-volatile memory (i.e., with the corresponding physical storage device). In addition, tables corresponding to LSUs accessed by a particular host may be stored in local memory of the corresponding one of the FAs 21 a-n. In addition, RA 40 and/or the BEs 23 a-n may also use and locally store portions of the tables 62, 72, 72′, 82, 300 and 350. Other data structures may be stored in any of GM 25 b, memory 25 a, GM segment 220 a-n and/or board local segments 22 a-n.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a system 100 including a host system 102 communicatively coupled to a data storage system 120 via multiple IO paths, according to embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments of system including a host system communicatively coupled to a data storage system via multiple IO paths, for example, variations of system 100, are possible and are intended to fall within the scope of the invention. The system 100 may be implemented using one or more components of the system 10, for example, one or more storage systems 20 a-n and/or one or more hosts 14 a-14 n, or variation thereof.

The system 100 may include a host system 102, switch 140 and data storage system 120. The host system 102 and data storage system 120 may communicate over one or more IO paths through the switch 140. Elements 110 a-110 c denote connections between the host system 102 and switch 140. Element 112 a-112 c denote connections between the data storage system 120 and the switch 140. Element 130 may represent a physical storage device of the data storage system 120, such as a rotating disk drive, flash-based or other solid state storage device, or the like, where the physical storage physical storage device 130 may be configured to include three LSUs—LUN5, LUN6 and LUN10. It should be noted that in the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 4, the system 100 includes only a single host system 102, single physical storage device 130 with 3 LSUs, a single data storage system 120, and a single switch for purposes of simplicity to illustrate the techniques herein. For example, each of the LSUs may be configured to have storage provisioned from multiple different physical storage devices rather than a single physical storage device, and multiple host systems having multiple applications executing thereon may communicate with the data storage system.

It should be appreciated that the descriptions provided in the following paragraphs may refer to particular examples using the switch 140 having a switching fabric for simplicity of illustration. Element 140 may be a single switch having a switching fabric, or a multi-switch having a multi-switch fabric and the like. Thus, element 140 may more generally denote a network having its own connectivity fabric or network fabric where the network may include one or more components providing the connectivity between the host system 102 and data storage system 120.

The host system 102 may be implemented as a server, and may include an application 104, a multi-path (MP) driver 106 and other components 108 such as, for example, one or more other device drivers and other code. An IO request (specifying an IO operation) from the application 104 may be communicated to the data storage system 120 using the MP driver 106 and one or more other components 108. The application 104 may be a database or other application which issues data operations, such as IO operations, to the data storage system 120. Each of the IO operations may be directed to a target device, such as one of the LSUs of physical storage device 130, configured to be accessible to the host system 102 over multiple IO paths. As such, each of the IO operations may be forwarded from the application 104 to the data storage system 120 over one of the possible multiple IO paths.

The MP driver 106 may include functionality to perform any one or more different types of processing such as related to encryption, multi-pathing, mirroring, migration, and the like. For example, the MP driver 106 may include multi-pathing functionality for management and use of multiple IO paths. For example, the MP driver 106 may perform IO path selection to select one of the possible multiple IO paths based on one or more criteria such as load balancing to distribute IO requests for the target device across available active IO paths. Load balancing may be performed to provide for better resource utilization and increased performance of the host system, data storage system, and network or other connection infrastructure. The MP driver 106 may be included in a commercially available product such as, for example, Dell EMC PowerPath® software made available by Dell EMC. Other components 108 of the host system 102 may include one or more other layers of software used in connection with communicating the IO operation from the host system to the data storage system 120 such as, for example, Fibre Channel (FC) or SCSI drivers, a logical volume manager (LVM), or the like. The other components 108 may include software or other components used when sending an IO operation from the application 104 to the data storage system 120, where such components may include those invoked in a call stack above and/or below the MP driver 106. For example, application 104 may issue an IO operation which is communicated via a call stack including an LVM, the MP driver 106, and an FC or SCSI driver, e.g., as described elsewhere herein in more detail.

The data storage system 120 may include one or more physical storage devices, such as physical storage device 130, where each such physical storage device may be configured to store data of one or more LSUs. Each of the LSUs having data stored on the physical storage device 130 may be configured to be accessible to the host system 102 through one or more IO paths. For example, all LSUs of physical storage device 130 may be accessible using ports of the three FEs 122 a-122 c, also denoted respectively as host adapters HA1, HA2 and HA3. The multiple IO paths allow the application IOs to be routed over multiple IO paths and, more generally, allow the LSUs of physical storage device 130 to be accessed over multiple IO paths. In the event that there is a component failure in one of the multiple IO paths, IO requests from applications can be routed over other alternate IO paths unaffected by the component failure. The MP driver 106 may be configured to perform load balancing in connection with IO path selection, as well as other processing. The MP driver 106 may be aware of, and may monitor, all IO paths between the host system and the LSUs of the physical storage device 130 in order to determine which of the multiple IO paths are active or available at a point in time, which of the multiple IO paths are unavailable for communications, and to use such information to select an IO path for host system-data storage system communications.

In the example of the system 100, each of the LSUs of the physical storage device 130 may be configured to be accessible through three IO paths. Each IO path may be represented by two path endpoints having a first endpoint on the host system 102 and a second endpoint on the data storage system 120. The first endpoint may correspond to a port of a host system component, such as a host bus adapter (HBA) of the host system 102, and the second endpoint may correspond to a port of a data storage system component, such as a port of an HA of the data storage system 120. In the example of the system 100, elements A1, A2 and A3 each denote a port of a host system 102 (e.g., a port of an HBA), and elements B1, B2 and B3 each denote a port of an HA of the data storage system 120. Each of the LSUs of the physical storage device 130 may be accessible over three IO paths—a first IO path represented by A1-B1, a second IO path represented by A2-B2 and a third IO path represented by A3-B3.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a plurality of logical layers 150 of a combination of a host system (e.g., the host system 102 of FIG. 3) and a data storage system (e.g., the data storage system 120) for processing an IO request, according to embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments of a plurality of logical layers of a combination of a host system and a data storage system for processing an IO request, for example, variations of logical layers 150, are possible and are intended to fall within the scope of the invention. FIG. 5 provides further detail regarding various software layers that may be used in connection with the MP driver 106 of FIG. 4. The various software layers of 150 may generally form layers included in the runtime IO stack, such as when an IO request is issued by an application on a host system to a data storage system. The system includes an application layer 121 which includes application programs executing on the host system computer 102. The application layer 121 may refer to storage locations using an associated label or identifier such as a file name or file identifier. Below the application layer 121 is the file system layer 123 and the LVM layer 125 a that maps the label or identifier specified by the application layer 121 to an LSU which the host system may perceive as corresponding to a physical storage device address (e.g., the address of one of the disk drives) within the storage system. Below the LVM layer 125 a may be the MP (multi-path) driver 106 which handles processing of the IO received from layer 125 a. The MP driver 106 may include a base driver and one or more driver extension modules. The MP driver 106 may be implemented using a commercially available product such as Dell EMC PowerPath software.

Functionality for performing multi-pathing operations, such as may be performed by Dell EMC PowerPath software, may be included in one of the driver extension modules such as a multi-path extension module. As described above, the MP driver may perform processing in connection with multiple IO path management and selecting one of a plurality of possible IO paths for use in connection with processing IO operations and communicating with the data storage system, such as data storage system 120 of FIG. 4. More generally, one or more layers between the application layer 121 and the MP driver 106, for example, the file system 123, may provide for mapping an LSU (such as used in connection with block-based storage), presented by the data storage system to the host system, to another logical data storage entity, such as a file, that may be used by the application layer 121. Below the MP driver 106 may be the SCSI driver 125 b and a hardware (HW) driver 125 c. The SCSI driver 125 b may handle processing of a received IO request from the MP driver 106 such as related to forming a request in accordance with one or more SCSI standards. The driver 125 c may be a hardware driver that facilitates communication with hardware on the host system. The driver 125 c may be, for example, a driver for an HBA of the host system which sends commands or requests to the data storage system and also receives responses and other communications from the data storage system. It should be appreciated that, in some embodiments, the ordering of the MP driver 106 and SCSI driver 125 b may be reversed. That is, in some cases, the MP driver 106 sits below the SCSI driver 126 b.

In some embodiments, layers 121-125 c are implemented on a host (e.g., the host system 102) coupled to a data storage system (e.g., the data storage system 120) that is an intelligent data storage system having its own mapping layer 127 such that the LSU known or exposed to the host system may not directly correspond to a physical storage device such as a disk drive. In such embodiments, the LSU specified by the host system in the IO operation may be further mapped by the data storage system using its mapping layer 127. For example, an LSU specified by the host system may be mapped by the data storage system to one or more physical drives, and multiple LSUs may be located on a same physical storage device, multiple physical drives, and the like.

The MP driver 106, as well as other components illustrated in FIG. 5, may execute in a kernel mode or another privileged execution mode. In some embodiments using a Unix-based OS, the MP driver 106 may be executed in kernel mode, whereas an application such as represented by application layer 121 may typically execute in user mode, or more generally, a non-privileged execution mode. It should be appreciated that embodiments of the invention may be implemented using any of a variety of different suitable OSs including a Unix-based OS, a Linux-based system, any one of the Microsoft Windows® OSs, or other OSs. Additionally, the host system may provide a virtualized environment and may execute, for example, VMware ESX® or VMware ESXi™ software providing bare-metal embedded hypervisors.

In operation, an application executing at application layer 121 may issue one or more IO requests specifying IO operations (e.g., read and write operations) to logical volumes (implemented by the LVM 125 a) or files (implemented using the file system 123), whereby such IO requests may be mapped to IO communications (specifying the IO operation) directed to LSUs of the data storage system. Such IO operations from the application layer 121 may be directed to the MP driver 106 after passing through any intervening layers such as, for example, the layers 123 and 125 a. Communications between an initiator port of the host system and a target port of a data storage system (e.g., target port of an HA) may include those related to IO operations and other non-IO commands such as related to host system control operations. IO operations may include, for example, read and write operations with respect to data stored on an LSU.

In connection with the SCSI standard, an IO path may be defined between an initiator port of the host system and a target port of the data storage system. An IO request may be sent from the host system (e.g., from a component thereof such as an HBA), which may be referred to as an initiator, originator or source with respect to the foregoing IO path. The host system, as the initiator, sends IO requests along the IO path to a data storage system (e.g., a particular component thereof such as an HA having a port with a network address), which may be referred to as a target, destination, receiver, or responder. Each physical connection of an IO path may be between a first endpoint which is a port of the host system (e.g., such as an HBA having ports such as denoted as A1-A3 of FIG. 4) and a second endpoint which is a port of an HA (e.g., such as B1-B3 of FIG. 4) in the data storage system. Through each such IO path, one or more LSUs may be visible or exposed to the host system initiator through the target port of the data storage system.

In some embodiments of the invention, a host system is directly connected to an internal fabric of a storage system; i.e., the host is connected to the internal fabric without an intervening director (e.g., FA) or other component of the storage system controlling the host system's access to the internal fabric. For example, rather than a host system (e.g., host 14 a) being physically coupled to a network (e.g., network 18), which is coupled to an FA (e.g., host adapter 21 a), which is coupled to an internal fabric (e.g., internal fabric 30) of a storage system (e.g., storage system 20 a), where the FA controls the host system's access to other components (e.g., GM 25 b, other directors 37 a-n) of the storage system over the internal fabric as illustrated in FIG. 1, the host system may be directly connected to the internal fabric, and communicate with other components of the storage system over the internal fabric independently of any FA or external network. In some embodiments, the host system may communicate with physical storage devices and/or GM over an IO path that does not include any directors (e.g., FAs or BEs), for example, over the internal fabric to which the host system is directly attached. In embodiments in which at least a portion of the GM is considered part of a director, the host system may be configured to communicate with such GM directly; i.e., over the internal fabric and without use of director compute resources (e.g., a CPU core and/or CPU complex).

In some embodiments, the GM may include persistent memory for which data stored thereon (including state information) persists (i.e., remains available) after the process or program that created the data terminates, perhaps even after the storage system fails (for at least some period of time). In some embodiments, the internal fabric exhibits low latency (e.g., when IB is employed). In such embodiments, by enabling a host system to directly access GM of the storage system, which may include persistent memory, host systems may be configured to expand their memory capacity, including persistent memory capacity by using the memory of the storage system. Thus, a system administrator could expand the memory capacity, including persistent memory capacity of the hosts of a storage network without having to purchase, deploy and configure new host systems. Rather, the system administrator may configure existing host systems to utilize the GM of the storage system, and/or purchase, install and configure one or more storage system interfaces (SSIs; described elsewhere herein in more detail) on existing host systems, which may result in significant savings in time and cost. Further, because of the security advantages provided by the SSI described in more detail elsewhere herein, use of the GM may prove more secure than memory, including persistent memory, added to host systems to expand memory capacity.

In some embodiments, an SSI located externally to the storage system may be provided that serves as an interface between the host system and storage system. The SSI may be part of the host system, and in some embodiments may be a separate and discrete component from the remainder of the host system, physically connected to the remainder of the host system by one or more buses that connect peripheral devices to the remainder of the host system. The SSI may be physically connected directly to the internal fabric. In some embodiments, the SSI may be implemented on a card or chipset physically connected to the remainder of a host system by a PCIe interconnect.

A potential benefit of implementing an SSI as a physically separate and discrete component from the remainder of a host system is that the SSI's resources may be configured such that its resources are not available for any functions, tasks, processing or the like on the host system other than for authorized IO processing. Thus, IO performance may be improved and more deterministic, as SSI resources may not be depleted for non-IO-related tasks on the host system. Further, as a physically separate and discrete component from the remainder of the host system, the SSI may not be subject to the same faults as the remainder of the system, i.e., it may be in a different fault zone from the remainder of the host system.

The SSI may provide functionality traditionally provided on storage systems, enabling at least some IO processing to be offloaded from storage systems to SSIs, for example, on host systems. Metadata about the data stored on the storage system may be stored on the SSI, including any metadata described herein. The SSI may be configured to determine whether an IO operation is a read or write operation, and process the IO operation accordingly. If the IO operation is a read operation, the SSI may be configured to determine from metadata whether the data to be read is in cache on the storage system. If the data is in cache, the SSI may read the data directly from cache over the internal fabric without use of CPU resources of a director, and, in some embodiments, without use of a director at all. If the data is not in cache, the SSI may determine, from the metadata, the physical storage device and physical location (e.g., address range) therein of the data to be read. The data then may be read from the physical storage device over the internal fabric without use of a director. Data may be read from a cache or physical storage device to the SSI using RDMA communications that do not involve use of any CPU resources on the storage system, SSI or the host system (e.g., other parts thereof), thereby preserving CPU resources on the storage network.

The IO processing capabilities of an SSI may be used to offload IO processing from a storage system, thereby reducing consumption of IO compute resources on the storage system itself. The overall storage compute capacity of a storage network may be increased without having to upgrade or add a storage system.

In some embodiments, an SSI may implement one or more technology specifications and/or protocols, including but not limited to, NVMe, NVMeoF and IB. For example, SSI may be configured to exchange IO communications with the remainder of the host system in accordance with NVMe. In embodiments in which an SSI is configured to communicate in accordance with NVMe, as opposed to in accordance with a native platform (including an OS or virtualization platform) of the host system, significant development and quality assurance costs may be realized, as developing or upgrading an SSI for each new or updated native platform may be avoided. Rather, the native platform may conform to NVMe, an industry standard, and support an OS-native inbox NVMe driver.

In some embodiments, secure access to data on a storage system via direct connection to an internal fabric may be provided. An SSI may validate each IO communication originating on the host system before allowing a corresponding IO communication to be transmitted on the internal fabric. The validation may include applying predefined rules and/or ensuring that the IO communication conforms to one or more technologies, e.g., NVMe. Additional security measures may include requiring validation of any SSI software or firmware before loading it onto the SSI, for example, using digital signatures, digital certificates and/or other cryptographic schemes, to ensure unauthorized code is not loaded onto the SSI that could enable unauthorized IO activity on a storage system. Further, in some embodiments, the SSI may be configured to encrypt IO communications originating on a host system and to decrypt IO communications received from the storage system, for example, in embodiments in which data is encrypted in flight between the host system to physical storage devices, and data may be encrypted at rest in memory of the storage system and/or on physical storage devices.

In addition, data integrity (e.g., checksums) in accordance with one or more technologies (e.g., T10DIF) may be employed by the SSI on IO communications exchanged between host systems and data storage systems, by which end-to-end data integrity between a host system and physical storage devices may be implemented, as described in more detail herein.

In some embodiments, in addition to an SSI communicatively coupled between a host operating system and an internal fabric of a storage system, a storage network may include an interface communicatively coupled between an internal fabric and a DAE that encloses a plurality of physical storage devices; i.e., a fabric-DAE interface (“FDI”). The FDI may be configured to employ any of a plurality of technologies, including NVMe, NVMeoF and IB, as described in more detail herein. In such embodiments, IO communications configured in accordance with NVMe may be implemented end-to-end from a host system to physical storage device, as described in more detail herein.

As described in more detail herein, through an SSI, a host system may exchange IO communications, including control information (e.g., commands) and data, with GM including cache along an IO path including internal fabric without use of compute resources of any of directors. Further, through an SSI, a host system may exchange IO communications, including control information (e.g., commands) and data, with physical storage devices along an IO path including internal fabric and not including use of directors. Thus, an IO path in a known storage network, which may include an HBA, an external network, an FA, an internal fabric, a BE, a PCI switch and a physical storage device, may be replaced with an IO path in accordance with embodiments of the invention, which includes an SSI, an internal fabric, an FDI and a physical storage device. These new JO paths, eliminating use of external networks and director compute resources (or directors altogether) may produce reduced response times for certain JO operations, as described in more detail elsewhere herein.

By removing an external network from the JO path between a host system and a storage system, and routing JO requests (e.g., all JO requests on a storage network) through one or more SSIs, the possible sources of malicious actions or human error can be reduced; i.e., the attack surface of a storage system can be reduced. Further, by implementing validation logic as described in more detail herein, in particular as close as possible (logically) to where an SSI interfaces with a remainder of a host system (e.g., as close as possible to physical connections to peripheral device interconnects), for example, within an NVMe controller, the storage system may be made more secure than known storage networks having JO paths including external networks. To further reduce access to an SSI, an NVMe driver may be configured as the only interface of an SSI made visible and accessible to applications on a host system. Any other interfaces to an SSI, for example, required for administration, may be made accessible only through certain privileged accounts, which may be protected using security credentials (e.g., encryption keys).

It should be appreciated that, although embodiments of the invention described herein are described in connection with use of NVMe, NVMeoF and IB technologies, the invention is not so limited. Other technologies for exchanging IO communications, for example, on an internal fabric of a storage system, may be used.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a storage network 600 including one or more host systems 614 a-n directly connected to an internal fabric 630 of a storage system 620 a, according to embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments of a storage network including one or more host systems directly connected to an internal fabric of a storage system, for example, variations of system 600, are possible and are intended to fall within the scope of the invention.

Storage network 600 may include any of: one or more host systems 14 a-n (described in more detail elsewhere herein); network 18 (described in more detail elsewhere herein); one or more host systems 614 a-n; one or more storage systems 620 a-n; and other components. Storage system 620 a may include any of: GM 640 (e.g., any of 25 b, 220 a-n and/or 220); one or more directors 637 (e.g., 37 a-n); a plurality of physical storage devices 624 (e.g., 24), which may be enclosed in a disk array enclosure 627 (e.g., 27); internal fabric 630 (e.g., internal fabric 30); FDI 606, other components; or any suitable combination of the foregoing. Internal fabric 630 may include one or more switches and may be configured in accordance with one or more technologies, for example, IB. In some embodiments, at least a portion of GM 640, including at least a portion of cache 642, may reside on one or more circuit boards on which one of the directors 637 also resides, for example, in manner similar to (or the same as) boards 212 a-n described in relation to FIG. 2. In such embodiments, a director 637 may be considered to include at least a portion of GM 640, including at least a portion of cache 642 in some embodiments. FDI 606 may be configured to manage the exchange of IO communications between host system 614 a-n directly connected to internal fabric 630 and physical storage devices 624 (e.g., within DAE 627), as described in more detail elsewhere herein.

Each of host systems 614 a-n may include SSI 616 connected directly to internal fabric 630 and configured to communicate with GM 640 and physical storage devices 624 (e.g., via FDI 606) over the internal fabric 630 independently of any of the directors 637 or any external network, for example, network 18. In embodiments in which one or more directors 637 may be considered to include at least a portion of GM 640, including at least a portion of cache 642 in some embodiments, SSI 616 may be configured to communicate with such GM 640, including cache 642, directly without use of any compute resources (e.g., of a CPU core and/or CPU complex) of any director 637. For example, SSI 616 may be configured to use RDMA as described in more detail herein. Thus, embodiments of the invention in which a host system, or more particularly an SSI, communicates directly with a GM or cache of a storage system include: the host system communicating with a portion of GM or cache not included in a director independently of any director; and/or the host system communicating with a portion of GM or cache included in a director independently of any compute resources of any director. In both cases, communicating directly with a GM or cache of a storage system does not involve use of any compute resources of the director.

The GM 640 may include persistent memory for which data stored thereon persists after the process or program that created the data terminates. For example, at least portions of GM may be implemented using DIMM (or another type of fast RAM memory) that is battery-backed by a NAND-type memory (e.g., flash). In some embodiments, the data in such persistent memory may persist (for at least some period of time) after the storage system fails.

As illustrated in FIG. 6, each of host systems 614 a-n may be connected to any of storage system 620 a-n through network 18, for example, through an HBA on the host. While not illustrated in FIG. 6, one or more of SSIs 616 may be connected to one or more other storage systems of storage systems 620 a-n. It should be appreciated that any of hosts 614 a-n may have both: one or more HBAs for communicating with storage systems 620 a-n over network 18 (or other networks); and one or more SSIs 616 connected directly to an internal fabric of one or more storage systems 620 a-n and configured to communicate with GM and physical storage devices over the internal fabric independently of any directors or external network.

One or more of the directors 637 may serve as BEs (e.g., BEs 23 a-n) and/or FAs (e.g., host adapter 21 a-n), and enable IO communications between the storage system 620 a and hosts 14 a-n and/or 614 a-n over network 18, for example, as described in relation to FIG. 1. Thus, a storage system 620 a may concurrently provide host access to physical storage devices 624 through: direct connections to internal fabric 630; and connections via network 18 and one or more directors 637.

SSI 616 may be implemented as SSI 716 described in relation to FIG. 7. FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an example of an SSI 716 of a host system 700 directly connected to an internal fabric 630 of a storage system, according to embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments of an SSI of a host system directly connected to an internal fabric of a storage system, for example, variations of SSI 716, are possible and are intended to fall within the scope of the invention.

Host system 700 (e.g., one of host systems 614 a-n) may include any of: operating system (OS) 701; an SSI 716 (e.g., SSI 616); one or more peripheral device interconnects 703; other components; and any suitable combination of the foregoing. Host OS 701 may be configured to execute applications running on the host system, which may result in IO operations for data stored on any of storage systems 620 a-n, requiring IO communications to be exchanged between the host system and the one or more storage systems 620 a-n. Host OS 701 may be any suitable operating system for processing IO operations, for example, a version of Linux, or a hypervisor or kernel of a virtualization platform, for example, a version of VMware ESXi™ software available from VMware, Inc. of Palo Alto, Calif. Other operating systems and virtualization platforms that support an NVMe driver may be used.

In some embodiments, SSI 716 may be physically separate and discrete from the remainder of host system 700, the remainder including the OS 701 of the host system and the hardware and firmware on which the OS 701 executes, and SSI 716 may be pluggable into host system 700, which may be physically configured to receive SSI 716. In such embodiments, the SSI 716 may be considered a first physical part of the host system, for example, a peripheral component or device of the host system, and the remainder of the host system may be considered a second physical part of the host system. For example, SSI 716 may be configured to physically connect to the other part of the host system 700 by the one or more peripheral device interconnects 703, which may be configured in accordance with one or more technologies (e.g., PCIe, GenZ, another interconnect technology, or any suitable combination of the foregoing). An interconnect configured to connect to, and enable communications with, a peripheral component or device may be referred to herein as a “peripheral device interconnect,” and a peripheral device interconnect configured in accordance with PCIe referred to herein as a “PCIe interconnect.” SSI 716 may be implemented on a card or chipset, for example, in the form of a network interface controller (NIC), which may be configured with additional logic as described herein such that the resulting device may be considered a smart NIC (“SmartNIC”). As is described in more detail herein, SSI 716 may include an operating system for executing one or more IO-related functions. Thus, in some embodiments, a first one or more operating systems (e.g., host OS 701) may be executing applications (e.g., on first part of the host 700) that result in IO operations, while SSI 716 includes one or more second operating systems for performing functions and tasks on SSI 716 in relation to processing such IO operations, such functions and tasks described in more detail elsewhere herein.

In some embodiments, SSI 716 may be configured to communicate according to a PCIe specification over one or more peripheral device interconnects 703, and SSI 716 may be configured to communicate according to an NVMe specification such that the SSI 716 presents itself as one or more NVMe devices (e.g., drives) to the host system 700. For example, the host interface 706 may include an NVMe controller 708 configured to exchange IO communication according to NVMe with NVMe queues within an NVMe driver 702 of OS 701. That is, the OS 701 of the host system 700 may include an NVMe driver 702 configured to exchange IO communications with the NVMe controller 708 in accordance with NVMe. To this end, the NVMe driver 702 may include at least two IO queues, including one or more submission queues (SQs) 704 a for submitting commands via a peripheral device interconnect 703 (configured as a PCIe interconnect) to NVMe controller 708, and may have one or more completion queues (CQs) 704 b for receiving completed commands from NVMe controller 708 via one or more interconnects 703. Each SQ may have a corresponding CQ, and, in some embodiments, multiple SQs may correspond to the same CQ. In some embodiments, there may be up to 64K IO queues in accordance with a version of the NVMe specification. The NVMe driver 702 also may include an admin SQ and CQ pair for control management in accordance with a version of the NVMe specification, and NVMe driver 702 and NVMe controller 708 may be configured to exchange control management communications with each other using admin SQs and CQs in accordance with a version of the NVMe specification.

SSI 716 may include any of: host interface 706; security logic 710; IO processing logic 717; storage metadata (MD) 722; storage system communication interface (SSCI) 729; registration logic 727; memory 723; other components; or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

Registration logic 727 may be configured to register host system 700 and/or SSI 716 with storage system 620 a when SSI 716 is connected to internal fabric 630, to enable future communication between the storage system 620 a and internal fabric 630.

Security logic 710 may include any of: IO validation logic 711; cryptographic logic 712; code validation logic 713; security credentials 714; other components; or any suitable combination of the foregoing. IO validation logic 711 may prevent any undesired (e.g., invalid) communications from being further processed by SSI 716 or storage system 620 a. Security logic 710, and more specifically IO validation logic 711, may be a first component of SSI 716 to act on a communication received on one of the peripheral device interconnects 703, to ensure that any undesired communications do not proceed any further within SSI 716 and storage system 620 a. To this end, it should be appreciated that one or more aspects of security logic 710, including IO validation logic 711 and code validation logic 713, or portions thereof, may be implemented as part of host interface 706, for example, as part of NVMe controller 708.

IO validation logic 711 may include logic that verifies that a communication received on one of peripheral device interconnects 703 is indeed an IO communication authorized to be transmitted on SSI 716. For example, IO validation logic 711 may be configured to ensure that a received communication is an IO communication properly configured in accordance with NVMe, and to reject (e.g., discard or drop) any received communications not properly configured. Further, IO validation logic 711 may be configured to allow only a certain subset of IO operations, for example, read or write operations, and reject other IO operations, for example, operations to configure storage and/or other storage management operations. Such stipulations may be captured as one or more user-defined rules that may be defined and stored (e.g., in a rules data structure) within SSI 716. It should be appreciated that rules may be specific to one or more storage-related entities, for example, users, groups of users, applications, storage devices, groups of storage devices, or other property values. Thus IO validation logic 711 may be configured to implement any of a variety of business rules to control access to resources on storage system 620 a.

Cryptographic logic 712 may be configured to encrypt data included in IO communications received from host OS 701 and before repackaging the data (in encrypted form) in IO communications transmitted over internal fabric 630 to components of storage system 620 a. Cryptographic logic 712 also may be configured to decrypt data from IO communications received from internal fabric 620 a before sending the unencrypted data in IO communication to host OS 701. Any of a variety of cryptographic schemes may be used, including use of symmetric and/or asymmetric keys, which may be shared or exchanged between SSI 716 of the host system, one or more storage systems 620 a-n, and one or more SSIs of other host systems 614 a-n, depending on what entities are entitled access to the data. For example, during a manufacturing and/or configuring of SSIs 716 and/or storage systems 620 a-n, one or more encryption keys and/or other secrets (collectively, “security credentials”) may be shared, to enable implementation of the given cryptographic scheme, and may be stored as part of security credentials 714.

In embodiments in which data is encrypted on SSI 716 before being transmitted to the storage system 620 a, the data may be stored in encrypted form in physical storage devices 624 and/or GM 640. In such embodiments, directors 637 and other components that may be authorized to access the encrypted data also may be configured to implement whatever cryptographic scheme is being employed, which may be desirable for host systems (e.g., host systems 14 a-n) that may access storage system 620 a by means other than an SSI as described herein. In some known storage systems, physical storage devices may be self-encrypting drives that encrypt data received from BEs, and then decrypt the data when it is retrieved for BEs. This may be considered a form of data-at-rest encryption. In embodiments of the invention in which data is encrypted on SSI 716, and transmitted to physical storage devices 624 in encrypted form to be stored, it may be desirable that physical storage devices 624 do not employ their own encryption, as the data will arrive encrypted. That is, encrypting the already-encrypted data would be redundant, and a waste of processing resources. Further, self-encrypting drives may be more expensive than drives not including this feature. Thus, if there is no need for physical storage devices 624 to encrypt and decrypt data, physical storage device not having self-encryption, but otherwise having the same or similar capabilities, may be acquired at reduced cost.

By encrypting data on a host system, e.g., as part of an SSI 716, data may not only be able to be encrypted while at rest, but also while in transit. That is, in embodiments of the invention, data may be encrypted in transit on an IO path from a host system to a physical storage device (i.e., end-to-end) as well as being encrypted at rest on a physical storage device or in memory (e.g., cache) of a storage system.

As described in more detail elsewhere herein, SSI 716 may be implemented in various combinations of hardware, software and firmware, including microcode. In some embodiments of SSI 716 implemented using software and/or firmware, the software and/or firmware, and updates thereto, may be subject to verification of digital signature before being allowed to be installed on SSI 716. For example, the security credentials 714 may include a public certificate that includes a cryptographic key (e.g., a public key of a PKI pair or the like), which may be embedded within the software and/or firmware initially installed on SSI 716 (e.g., at the manufacturer of SSI 716). The public certificate also may specify a validity period for the public certificate. Each subsequent update of the software and/or firmware may be digitally signed with a digital signature based on an encryption scheme (e.g., PKI) involving the public key.

When a purported software and/or firmware update is received at SSI 716 including a digital signature, code validation logic 713 may use the public key (and the validity period) in the public certificate to validate the digital signature and thereby verify the authenticity of the update, for example, by exchanging communications with a certification service or the like of the SSI 716 manufacturer or a trusted third-party, using known techniques. The security credentials 714, including the public certificate and perhaps other credentials, and credentials used for encrypting and decrypting data, may be embedded within the software and/or firmware on the SSI 716 so that they are not accessible by the host system 700 or any other entity connected to the SS1 716. For example, the security credentials 714 may be stored within a trusted platform module (TPM) or the like within SSI 716. If the code validation logic determines the software or firmware update to be invalid, the update may not be installed on SSI 716. Such verification of the software and/or firmware may prevent an attacker from replacing software and/or firmware on SSI 716 with code that would allow access to resources within storage system 620 a.

Storage metadata 722 may include any metadata about data stored on storage system 620 a, including but not limited to any of the metadata described herein. For example, storage MD 722 may include any of master device table 762, LSU table 772, thin device table 772′, track table 782 and cache slot table 750, corresponding to master device table 62, LSU table 72, thin device table 72′, track table 82 and cache slot table 300, respectively. For example, each of tables 762, 772, 772′, 782 and 750 may include at least a portion of the metadata stored in 762, 772, 772′, 782 and 750, respectively; e.g., metadata corresponding to physical storage devices 624, and logical storage devices associated therewith, being used for applications running on host system 700. Use of such metadata is described in more detail elsewhere herein.

IO processing logic 717 may include one or more components for performing IO operations in conjunction with storage system 620 a. In some embodiments, one or more of these components embody IO functionality, including data services, that is implemented on known storage systems. By implementing such IO functionality on SSI 716 instead of on the storage system 620 a, less storage system resources may be consumed, and overall IO performance on the storage system may be improved. IO processing logic 717 may include any of: device mapping logic 718; IO path logic 720; integrity logic 721; messaging logic 724; RDMA logic 725; atomic logic 726; back-end logic 728; other components; or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

Device mapping logic 718 may be configured to map logical addresses of logical storage devices to locations (i.e., physical addresses) within physical storage devices using, e.g., any one or more of tables 762, 772, 772′ and 782, 750.

Device mapping logic 718 may be configured to determine, from the retrieved metadata, the location(s) within cache 642 and/or within one or more physical storage devices 624 corresponding to the logical location specified in the IO operation. The IO operation (e.g., read or write) then may be performed with respect to the determined cache location and/or one or more physical storage device locations. In some embodiments, the device mapping logic 718, in coordination with one or more other components of IO processing logic 717, SSI 716 and/or host system 700, may perform aspects of IO operations, including exchanging communications with components of storage system 620 a over internal fabric 630, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/389,383, titled “Host System Directly Connected to Internal Switching Fabric of Storage System,” to Wigmore et al., filed Apr. 19, 2019 (“Wigmore”), the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

It should be appreciated that, while in some embodiments described herein, the metadata corresponding to a logical location may be used to determine a corresponding one or more locations in cache and/or a physical storage location, the metadata may include a variety of information other than location information, as described in more detail elsewhere herein, and may be used for any of a variety of other purposes, for example, by one or more components of host system 700 and/or storage system 620 a.

IO path logic 720 may be configured to determine what IO path within storage system 620 a to use to process an IO operation. IO path logic 720 may be configured to determine what path to take for an IO operation based on any of a variety of factors, including but not limited to whether the IO is a read or write; how complicated a state of the storage system is at the time the IO operation is being processed; whether the data specified by the IO operation is in a cache of the storage system; other factors; or a combination of the foregoing. For example, based on one or more of the foregoing factors, IO path logic 720 may determine whether to process an IO request by: sending a communication to a director; directly accessing a cache on the storage system (i.e., without using any compute resources of a director) or accessing a physical storage device without using a director (e.g., via an FDI). IO path logic 720 may be configured to determine what IO path within storage system 620 a to use to process an IO operation as described in more detail in Wigmore.

Integrity logic 721 may be configured to implement one or more data integrity techniques for IO operations. Some data storage systems may be configured to implement one or more data integrity techniques to ensure the integrity of data stored on the storage system on behalf of one or more host systems. One such data integrity technique is called DIF (data integrity field), or “T10DIF” in reference to the T10 subcommittee of the International Committee for Information Technology Standards that proposed the technique. Some storage systems, for example, in accordance with one or more technology standards, store data arranged as atomic storage units called “disk sectors” having a length of 512 bytes. T10 DIF adds an additional 8 bytes encoding a checksum of the data represented by the remaining 512 byes, resulting in data actually being stored as 520-byte atomic units, including 512 bytes of data and 8 bytes of checksum data in accordance with T10DIF. In embodiments of the invention in which storage system 620 a is implementing T10DIF, integrity logic 721 may be configured to implement T10DIF, thereby converting 512-byte units of data in IO communications received from host OS 701 to 520-byte units of data in accordance with T10DIF to be transmitted in IO communications to storage system 620 a. In such embodiments, integrity logic 721 also may be configured to convert 520-byte units of data in IO communications received from storage system 620 a to 512-byte units of data to be transmitted in IO communications to host OS 701. In such embodiments, data integrity on a storage network (e.g., storage network 600) may be improved by implementing T10DIF on an IO path from a host system to a physical storage device (e.g., end-to-end).

Processing IO operations in accordance with embodiments of the invention may include exchanging RDMA communications, control (e.g., command) communications and atomic communications between host system 700 and storage system 620 a. RDMA logic 725, messaging logic 724, and atomic logic 726, respectively, may be configured to implement such communications. Atomic communications involve performing exclusive locking operations on memory locations (e.g., at which one or more data structures described herein reside) from which data is being accessed, to ensure that no other entity (e.g., a director) can write to the memory location with other data. The exclusive locking operation associated with an atomic operation introduces a certain amount of overhead, which may be undesired in situations in which speed is of greater performance.

It may be desirable for host system 700; e.g., SSI 716, to know information (e.g., a state) of one or more physical storage devices 624, for example, whether a physical storage device is off-line or otherwise unavailable, e.g., because of garbage collection. To this end, in some embodiments, back-end logic 728 may monitor the status of one or more physical storage devices 624, for example, by exchanging communications with FDI 606 over internal fabric 630.

SSCI 729 may include logic for steering and routing IO communications to one or more ports 731 of SSI 716 physically connected to internal fabric 630, and may include logic implementing lower-level processing (e.g., at the transport, data link and physical layer) of IO communications, including RDMA, messaging and atomic communications. In some embodiments of the invention, communications between SSI 716 and components of storage system 620 a (e.g., directors 637, GM 640 and FDI 606) over internal fabric 630 may be encapsulated as NVMeoF command capsules in accordance with an NVMeoF specification. For example, SSCI 729 may include logic for encapsulating IO communications, including RDMA, messaging and atomic communications, in accordance with NVMeoF. Thus, in some embodiments, IO communications received from NVMe driver 702, configured in accordance with NVMe, may be converted to NVMeoF command capsule communications for transmission over the internal fabric 630. SSCI 729 also may include logic for de-capsulating NVMeoF command capsules, for example, into NVMe communications to be processed by IO processing logic 717.

SSCI 729 (and components of the storage system 620 a interfacing with the internal fabric 630) may be configured to address communication to other components; e.g., GM 640, FDI 606, directors 637, in accordance with one or more technologies being used to communicate over internal fabric 630. For example, in embodiments in which IB is employed to communicate over internal fabric 630, SSCI 729 may be configured to address communication to other components using IB queue pairs. Aspects of SSCI 729 may be implemented using a network adapter (e.g., card or chip), for example, a ConnectX®-5 or ConnectX®-6 dual-port network adapter available from Mellanox Technologies, Ltd. of Sunnyvale, Calif. (“Mellanox”), for example, as part of a SmartNIC.

SSI 716 may be implemented as a combination of software, firmware and/or hardware. For example, SSI 716 may include certain hardware and/or firmware, including, for example, any combination of printed circuit board (PCB), FPGA, ASIC, or the like, that are hardwired to perform certain functionality, and may include one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers or the like that are programmable using software and/or firmware (e.g., microcode). Any suitable microprocessor may be used, for example, a microprocessor including a complex instruction set computing (CISC) architecture, e.g., an x86 processor, or processor having a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture, for example, an ARM processor. SSI 716 may be part of a microprocessor or separate therefrom. In embodiments in which a microprocessor is employed, any suitable OS may be used to operate the microprocessor, including, for example, a Linux operating system. In some embodiments, the combination of software, hardware and/or firmware may constitute a system-on-chip (SOC) or system-on-module (SOM) on which SSI 716 may be implemented, e.g., as part of a SmartNIC. For example, in some embodiments, SSI 716 may be implemented, at least in part, using a BlueField™ Multicore System On a Chip (SOC) for NVMe storage, available from Mellanox, which may be further configured with logic and functionality described herein to constitute a SmartNIC.

Returning to FIG. 6, FDI 606 and one or more of physical storage devices 624 may be configured to exchange IO communications in accordance with NVMe. Accordingly, FDI 606 may include an NVMe controller, e.g., at least similar to the NVMe controller 708, configured to exchange IO communication according to NVMe with physical storage devices 624. Further, FDI 606 may be configured with the same or similar functionality as SSCI 729. For example, SSCI 729 may include: logic for steering and routing IO communications to one or more of its ports physically connected to internal fabric 630, logic implementing lower-level processing (e.g., at the transport, data link and physical layer) of IO communications, including RDMA and messaging communications; logic for encapsulating IO communications to be sent from FDI 606 over internal fabric 630 to SSI 616, including RDMA and command messaging communications, in accordance with NVMeoF; logic for de-capsulating NVMeoF command capsules received from internal fabric 630, the decapsulated communication to be configured in accordance with NVMe for use by an NVMe controller of the FDI 606 for exchanging IO communications with physical storage devices 624.

FDI 606 may be implemented as a combination of software, firmware and/or hardware including, for example, any combination of printed circuit board (PCB), FPGA, ASIC, or the like, that are hardwired to perform certain functionality, and may include one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers or the like that are programmable using software and/or firmware (e.g., microcode). Any suitable microprocessor may be used, for example, a microprocessor including a complex instruction set computing (CISC) architecture, e.g., an x86 processor, or processor having a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture, for example, an ARM processor. In some embodiments, the combination of software, hardware and/or firmware may constitute a system-on-chip (SOC) or system-on-module (SOM) on which FDI 606 may be implemented. For example, in some embodiments, FDI 606 may be implemented using a BlueField™ Multicore SOC for NVMe storage, available from Mellanox.

FIG. 8A is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method 800 of processing an IO request on a system in which a host system is directly connected to an internal fabric of a storage system, according to embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments of a method of processing an IO request on a system in which a host system is directly connected to an internal fabric of a storage system, for example, variations of method 800, are possible and are intended to fall within the scope of the invention.

In step 802, an IO request may be received, e.g., on an SSI (e.g., SSI 716) from an OS (e.g., 701) of a host system (e.g., host system 700). In embodiments in which NVMe is employed, the SSI may include an NVMe controller (e.g., NVMe controller 708) that receives an IO communication in the form of a submission queue entry (SQE) from an SQ (e.g., SQ 704 a) of an NVMe driver 702 of the OS. For example, the OS may place an SQE in the SQ for an IO operation, and the NVMe driver may “ring the doorbell” in accordance with NVMe, i.e., may issue an interrupt to the NVMe controller on the SSI, or the NVMe controller may iteratively poll the SQ until an SQE is ready.

In step 803, the IO request (e.g., specified in an SQE) may be read, for example, by the NVMe controller, and, in step 804, it may be determined whether the request is valid, for example, using IO validation logic 711. For example, it may be determined whether the IO communication is a valid NVMe communication and/or whether the IO communication is authorized, for example, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. If it determined in step 804 that the IO request is invalid, the IO request may be rejected (e.g., dropped) in step 806.

If it is determined that the IO request is valid, then it may be determined in step 808 whether the IO request specifies a read or write operation. If it is determined in step 808 that the request specifies a write operation, then write processing may be performed in step 810. Write processing may include sending a write request over internal fabric 630 to one of directors 637 serving and as FA, and the FA may process the write operation, for example, using known techniques. Step 810 may be performed as described in relation to FIG. 9.

If it is determined in step 808 that the IO request specifies a read operation, then read processing may be performed in step 812, for example, in accordance with method 812′ described in relation to FIG. 8B.

FIG. 8B is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method 812′ of processing a read operation, according to embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments of a method of processing a read operation, for example, variations of method 812′, are possible and are intended to fall within the scope of the invention.

In step 814, metadata corresponding to the data specified in a read operation may be accessed. For example, the read operation may specify a logical storage device (e.g., a LUN or an NVMe namespace), and logical locations (e.g., one or more data portions and/or logical device tracks defining one or more logical address ranges) within the logical device. IO processing logic 717 may access one or more of data structures 762, 772, 772′, 782 and 750 of storage metadata 722 to obtain and/or determine metadata (e.g., one or more physical storage devices and physical address ranges therein) corresponding to the logical storage device and one or more logical locations. It may be determined that none of the data structures of storage metadata 722 have current information (or no information) about the specified logical storage device or the specified logical location(s) thereof, and step 814 may include sending read requests (e.g., RDMA read requests) directly to global memory (e.g., global memory 640) of the storage system for current information. Such requests may be configured as atomic operations.

In step 816, it may be determined whether the storage system (e.g., storage system 620 a), or a component thereof pertinent to the data to be read (e.g., a LUN or namespace of the data) is currently in a complex state, for example, based on the metadata accessed in step 814. For example, it may be determined that one or more particular data services (e.g., replication, backup, offline data deduplication, etc.) are currently being performed on the LUN of the data. In some embodiments of the invention, if the state of the storage system is too complex, e.g., as a result of a particular data service currently being performed, it may be desirable to use a director to process the read operation, to utilize the processing power and metadata available to the director. If it is determined in step 816 that the storage system is in a complex state, then read processing may be performed using a director (e.g., one of directors 637) in step 818.

If it is determined in step 816 that the storage system is not in a complex state, then it may be determined in step 820 whether the data specified in the read request is in a cache (e.g., cache 642) of the storage system, for example, from the metadata accessed in step 814. If it is determined in step 820 that the specified data is in cache, then the data may be read directly from cache in step 822, for example, as described in more detail elsewhere herein.

If it is determined in step 820 that the specified data is not in cache, then the physical storage location of the data may be determined in step 824, for example, from the metadata accessed in step 814, and the specified data may be read from the physical storage device independent of any director on the storage system in step 826, for example, as described in more detail elsewhere herein.

FIG. 9 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of a method of performing a write operation, according to embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments of a method of performing a write operation, for example, variations of the method illustrated in FIG. 9, are possible and are intended to fall within the scope of the invention. The write operation may be performed as part of write processing 810. Each communication between SSI 716 and storage system 620 a described in relation to FIG. 9, or in relation to FIGS. 10 and 11, may be transmitted over the internal fabric 630 of the storage system 620, for example, as an NVMeoF command capsule. In the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 9-11, SSI 716 may be considered a first physical part of host system 700 and the remainder of the host system 700 may be considered a second physical part 715 of the host system.

After it has been determined that the IO operation is a write operation, for example, as described above in relation to step 808, the data for the write operation may be transmitted from NVMe driver 702 to the SSI 716 in communication 902, e.g., over a peripheral device interconnect 703 (e.g., configured as a PCIe interconnect), and may be stored in memory 723. This movement of data may be considered a staging of the data in SSI 716 before the data is ultimately written to the storage system 620 a. However, in some embodiments, this staging step may not be necessary, as the SSI 716 may be configured to control transmitting the data directly from the NVMe driver 702 to the storage system as part of performing communication 910 described in more detail below, as illustrated by dashed line 908. In such embodiments, communication 902 may not be performed.

Communication 904 may be a write command message sent from SSI 716 to director 637, for example, as an NVMeoF command capsule, specifying the write operation, which may include the logical storage device and one or more data portions and/or logic tracks representing one or more logical address ranges within the logical storage device. When the director 637 is ready to receive the data, it may send communication 906 back to the SSI 716 requesting that the data (i.e., the payload) of the write operation be transmitted to the director 637. For example, communication 906 may be an RDMA read request because it is a read operation from the perspective of the director, even though the overall operation being performed is a write operation. In response to receiving communication 906, SSI 716 may send communication 910 including the requested data. Communication 910 may be an RDMA communication. As should be appreciated, an RDMA (remote direct memory access) transfer does not require use of any CPU resident on SS1 716, thus preserving compute resources. In some embodiments in which the write data is not first staged in SSI 716, data may be sent from NVMe driver 702 to director 637 without first being staged in memory (e.g., memory 723) on SSI 716, as illustrated by dashed line 908.

The director 637 may perform processing 911 on the write operation, for example, in accordance with known techniques, and then send communication 912, for example, as an NVMeoF command capsule, acknowledging that the write operation is complete. SSI 716 (e.g., NVMe controller 708) may send communication 914, for example, as a completion queue entry (CQE) to NVMe driver 702, indicating that the write operation is complete, and one or more other communications (e.g., including a PCIe MSI-X interrupt) may be exchanged to complete the write transaction between NVMe driver 702 and SSI 716. NVMe driver 702 may process the CQE, and the completion of the write operation may be processed by other components of host system 700.

FIG. 10 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of a method of a host system 700 reading data directly from a cache of a storage system 620 a, independent of any director compute resources, according to embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments of a method of a host system reading data directly from a cache of a storage system, for example, variations of the method illustrated in FIG. 10, are possible and are intended to fall within the scope of the invention.

As described elsewhere herein, after it has been determined that the IO operation is a read operation, for example, as described above in relation to step 808, metadata corresponding to the data specified in a read operation may be accessed. For example, the read operation may specify a logical storage device (e.g., a LUN or an NVMe namespace), and one or more logical locations (e.g., data portions logical device tracks) within the logical device. IO processing logic 717 may access one or more of data structures 762, 772, 772′, 782 and 750 of storage metadata 722 to determine metadata (e.g., one or more physical storage devices and one or more physical address thereof) corresponding to the logical storage device and one or more logical locations specified in the read operation. It may be determined that one or more of the data structures of storage metadata 722 does not have current information (or no information) about the specified logical storage device and/or location. If such a determination is made, SSI 716 may send one or more read requests 1002 (e.g., RDMA read requests) directly to global memory 640 for current metadata concerning the data of the read operation. Such requests may be configured as atomic operations to lock the memory locations of the metadata (e.g., portions of 62, 72, 72′, 82 and 300 associated with the data to be read). In some embodiments, to avoid the computational overhead and delay associated with performing a lock, communications 1002 are not performed as atomic operations. The current metadata may include any of a variety of metadata described in more detail elsewhere herein.

The current metadata corresponding to the read request may be sent in one or more responses 1004 from the global memory 640 to SSI 716. The IO processing logic (e.g., the IO path logic 720) of the SSI 716 may determine from the metadata (e.g., in performance of step 820) that the data for the read operation is in cache 642 (i.e., in one or more cache slots thereof), i.e., that there is a read cache hit. In response to the determination of a read cache hit, SSI 716 may send communication 1006 to cache 642 of global memory 640. Communication 1006 may be an atomic operation to lock the memory locations of the one or more cache slots identified in the metadata for the read operation, and obtain the cache-slot header(s) for the one or more cache slots. In some embodiments, to avoid the computational overhead and delay associated with performing a lock, communication 1006 is not performed as an atomic operation. In response, global memory 640 (e.g., cache 642) may send communication 1008 to SSI 716 including the contents (e.g., one or more timestamps reflecting when the current contents of the cache slot were populated and/or accessed as well as other metadata) of the one or more cache slot headers.

SSI 716 (e.g., IO processing logic 717) may read the contents of communication 1008 and send read request 1010 for the data within the one or more cache slots, and global memory 640 may send the data 1011, for example, as an RDMA communication. In some embodiments, the sent data is not staged in memory of SSI 716 before being sent to NVMe driver 702, as indicated by dashed line 1012. In some embodiments, before sending the data read from cache to NVMe driver 702, SSI 716 may stage the data (e.g., in memory 723). Further, if communication 1006 was not an atomic operation that locked the cache slot, SSI 716 may send communication 1013 to global memory requesting the cache slot header(s) again, to ensure that the cache slot header information has not been changed (e.g., by a director 637) since communication 1008, which would mean that the cached data has changed.

In response to communication 1013, global memory may send communication 1014 to SSI 716 including the current contents of the one or more cache slot headers. SSI 716 then may compare the contents to the contents of the one or more cache slot headers received in step 1008. If the contents do not match, i.e., the cache slot header has changed, then the metadata may be re-read in communications 1002-1004. If it is determined that the data is still in cache, then communications 1006-1014 may be repeated. However, if the metadata reveals that the data is no longer in cache, e.g., it has been evicted in accordance with cache policy, then the data may be read from one or more physical storage devices, for example, by performing action 1105-1116 described in relation to FIG. 11. Re-checking the cache slot header has minimal overhead in comparison to performing an atomic operation. Thus, as long as it is not too frequent that the contents of the one or more cache slot headers change between communication 1008 and 1013, thereby requiring a re-read of the data from cache or one or more physical storage devices, performing non-atomic read operations (i.e., “lockless reads” may be desirable from a performance perspective.

If it is determined (e.g., by IO processing logic 717) that the contents of the one or more cache slot headers has not changed since communication 1008; i.e., if the cache slot contents are validated, then a communication 1018 including the data for the read operation, read from the one or more cache slots, may be sent from SSI 716 (e.g., from NVMe controller 708) to NVMe driver 702 in accordance with NVMe as described in detail elsewhere herein. One or more other communications may be exchanged to complete the read transaction between NVMe driver 702 and SSI 716. NVMe controller 702, and other components of host system 700 in-turn may process the read data.

Each of communications 1006, 1008, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1018, 1020 and 1022 may be performed as part of performance of various embodiments of step 822 of method 800.

As described in more detail elsewhere herein, for read cache hits in known systems, data may be read along an IO path including the host system, an external network, director compute resources, a global memory, and perhaps an internal fabric. In contrast, in embodiments of the invention, for example, as described in relation to FIG. 10, for read cache hits, data may be read along an IO path including the host system, an internal fabric and a global memory. That is, the external network and director compute resources may not be used, which may produce reduced response times for read cache hits.

FIG. 11 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of a host system 700 reading data from a physical storage device of a storage system 620 a independent of any director 637, according to embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments of a method of a host system reading data directly from a physical storage device of a storage system 620 a, for example, variations of the method illustrated in FIG. 11, are possible and are intended to fall within the scope of the invention.

As described elsewhere herein, after it has been determined that the IO operation is a read operation, for example, as described above in relation to step 808, metadata corresponding to the data specified in a read operation may be accessed. For example, the read operation may specify a logical storage device (e.g., a LUN or an NVMe namespace), and one or more logical locations (e.g., data portions logical device tracks) within the logical device. IO processing logic 717 may access one or more of data structures 762, 772, 772′, 782 and 750 of storage metadata 722 to determine metadata (e.g., one or more physical storage devices and one or more physical address thereof) corresponding to the logical storage device and one or more logical locations specified in the read operation. It may be determined that one or more of the data structures of storage metadata 722 does not have current information (or no information) about the specified logical storage device and/or location. If such a determination is made, SSI 716 may send one or more read requests 1002 (e.g., RDMA read requests) directly to global memory 640 for current metadata concerning the data of the read operation. Such requests may be configured as atomic operations to lock the memory locations of the metadata (e.g., portions of 62, 72, 72′, 82 and 300 associated with the data to be read). In some embodiments, to avoid the computational overhead and delay associated with performing a lock, communications 1002 are not performed as atomic operations. The current metadata may include any of a variety of metadata described in more detail elsewhere herein.

The current metadata corresponding to the read request may be sent in one or more responses 1004 from the global memory 640 to SSI 716. The IO processing logic (e.g., the IO path logic 720) of the SSI 716 may determine from the metadata (e.g., in performance of step 820) that the data for the read operation is not in cache 642 (i.e., not in one or more cache slots thereof), i.e., that there is a read cache miss. In response to the determination of a read cache miss, SSI 716 (e.g., device mapping logic 718) may perform processing 1105 to determine the one or more physical storage devices and physical address ranges therein corresponding to the logical storage device and one or more logical locations specified in the read operation. For example, the read operation may specify a logical storage device ID and one or more data portion IDs and/or logical track IDs of data portion(s) and/or logical track(s), respectively, within the logical storage device. Device mapping logic 718 may access the corresponding entries in master device table 762, logical device table 772, thin device table 772′ and/or track table 782 to determine the one or more physical storage devices and physical address ranges therein corresponding to the logical storage device ID and one or more data portion IDs and/or logical track IDs.

After determining the one or more physical storage devices and one or more physical address ranges thereof, SSI 716 may send one or more communications 1106 to FDI 606. Each of one or more communications 1006 may be a read command message (e.g., an NVMeoF command capsule) specifying the one or more determined physical storage devices and physical address range(s) therein. FDI 606 may perform processing 1109 to read the read command message and retrieve the data from the specified one or more determined physical storage devices and physical address range(s). FDI 606 may send one or more communications 1110 including the retrieved data, for example, an RDMA write operation (albeit the overall operation is a read operation) encapsulated within an NVMeoF command capsule. SSI 716 may stage the received data (e.g., in memory 723) before sending the data to NVMe driver 702, or, in some embodiments, not stage the read data in memory of SSI 716 and send it to NVMe driver 702, as indicated by dashed line 1111.

In some embodiments, if communications 1002 were not atomic operations that locked memory locations of the metadata corresponding to the read data, SSI 716 may send communication 1114 to global memory requesting the metadata again, or at least a portion of the metadata, for example, one or more track table entries corresponding to the read data, to ensure such metadata has not changed (e.g., by a director 637) since communications 1004, which may have happened if communications 1002 were not atomic operations that locked the memory locations of the data structures holding the metadata.

In response to communication 1114, global memory may send communication 1116 to SSI 716 including the current contents of the one or more metadata structures (or portions thereof) requested. SSI 716 may compare the current contents to contents received in communication 1004. If the contents do not match, i.e., the metadata has changed, then, if communications 1114-1116 involved retrieving all the same metadata as communications 1002 and 1004, then such metadata may be used to determine whether the data is now in cache. If communications 1114-1116 did not retrieve all the same metadata as communications 1002 and 100, then communications 1002-1116 may be repeated and the retrieved metadata used to determine whether the data is now in cache. If it is determined that the data is still now in cache, then communications 1006-1014 described in relation to FIG. 10 may be repeated. However, if the metadata reveals that the data is still not in cache, then actions 1105-1116 may be repeated.

Re-checking the metadata has minimal overhead in comparison to performing an atomic operation. Thus, as long as it is not too frequent that the contents of the relevant metadata changes between communication 1004 and 1114, thereby requiring a re-read of the data from cache or one or more physical storage devices, performing non-atomic read operations (i.e., “lockless reads” may be desirable from a performance perspective.

If it is determined (e.g., by IO processing logic 717) that the contents of the metadata has not changed since communication 1004; i.e., if the metadata is validated, then a communication 1118 including the data for the read operation, read from one or more physical storage devices, may be sent from SSI 716 (e.g., from NVMe controller 708) to NVMe driver 702 in accordance with NVMe as described in detail elsewhere herein. One or more other communications may be exchanged to complete the read transaction between NVMe driver 702 and SSI 716. NVMe controller 702, and other components of host system 700 in-turn may process the read data.

Each of actions 1105, 1106, 1110, 1111, 1114, 1018, 1116, 1118, 1120 and 1122 may be performed as part of performance of various embodiments of steps 824 and 826, collectively, of method 800.

As described in more detail elsewhere herein, for read cache misses in known systems, data may be read along an IO path including the host system, an external network, an FA (director), a global memory, an internal fabric, a BE (director) and a physical storage device. In contrast, in embodiments of the invention, for example, as described in relation to FIG. 11, for read cache misses, data may be read along an IO path including the host system, an internal fabric, an FDI and a physical storage device. That is, the external network and multiple directors may not be used, which may produce reduced response times for read cache misses.

As described above, in some embodiments, it may be determined in step 816 that a state of the storage system is complex, such that a director (e.g., one of directors 637) may perform read processing. In such embodiments, SSI 716 may exchange NVMeoF communications with a director, and the read data may be transmitted from the director to the SSI 716, for example, as an RDMA communication, and then to operating system 701, for example, to the NVMe driver 702 in accordance with NVMe.

In some embodiments of the invention, data stored in a cache (e.g., the cache 642) and/or in one or more physical storage devices (e.g., devices 624) may be encrypted, and a host system (e.g., the host system 700) may be configured to directly read the encrypted data from the cache and/or the one or more storage devices and decrypt the data, for example, in response to a read request received from an application executing on the host system.

FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a method 1200 of using encryption on a storage system, according to embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments of using encryption on a storage system, for example, variations of the method 1200, are possible and are intended to fall within the scope of the invention. The method 1200 may be performed, for example, by one or more components of the storage system 620 a, in conjunction with one or more components of the IO processing logic 717, as described in more detail elsewhere herein.

In a step 1201, a storage system (e.g., 620 a) may assign an encryption key to an LSU. In some embodiments, the storage system assigns a different (i.e., unique) encryption key to each LSU, e.g., as opposed to assigning different encryption keys to each physical storage device of the storage system or a same encryption key to all physical storage devices of the storage system.

In a step 1202, the storage system may encrypt the data of the LSU. More generally, the storage system may encrypt the data for each LSU using the respective encryption key of the LSU, and may update metadata associated with each LSU and/or the data portions thereof to reflect that the data of the LSU or data portion is encrypted. That is, the metadata associated with a data portion (specifically or as a sub-portion of an LSU), for example, one or more of data structures 62, 72, 72′, 82, 300 and 350, may include encryption metadata specifying whether the data portion is encrypted, and if so, other information about the encryption, including, for example, the encryption key, encryption algorithm, size of the data portion when encrypted (e.g., encrypted size) and other encryption information. For example, the header 74 of LSU table 72 may be updated to include encryption metadata for the LSU and its data portions (e.g., chunks) 76, 77 and 78; and and/or the header 84 of LSU track table 82 may be updated to include encryption metadata for the LSU tracks 86, 87 and 88, which are sub-portions of a data portion, and thus data portions themselves. The metadata for a data portion (or LSU that includes the data portion) may specify encryption metadata along with other metadata about the data portion, including the one or more physical storage devices on which the data portion resides, a location (e.g., logical block address range) on the physical storage device, whether the data portion is in a cache of the storage system, and, if so, a memory location of the data portion in the cache.

The storage system may be configured to encrypt a data portion of an LSU in response to a write instruction (e.g., using the encryption key and other encryption metadata for the LSU), for example, received from one of host systems 14 a-n or 614 a-n, and may be configured to update the LSU encryption metadata off-line, e.g., in bulk, independent of any write operation. For example, in response to a user instruction (e.g., from a system administrator) or at a prescheduled time, the storage system may encrypt the data stored thereon (e.g., on physical storage devices 624 and/or in cache 642). For example, the storage system may loop through each LSU (e.g., per one or more data structures defining metadata for the LSUs), and the data portions (e.g., logical tracks) thereof, encrypt the data portions and update the metadata (including the encryption metadata) accordingly.

The encryption metadata, including the encryption key, for one of more data portions may be provided to a host system for the LSUs for which the host systems is authorized to access. Such encryption metadata may be provided, for example, in response to a request received from the host system or a user of the storage system, or at a prescheduled time (e.g., periodically). For example, in a step 1204, a host system (e.g., the SSI 716 of the host system 700) may send a request to the storage system (e.g., 620 a) for encryption metadata for an LSU or data portion.

In response to the request, the storage system may determine in a step 1206 whether the host system is authorized to receive encryption metadata for the LSU. This determination may be made, for example, by accessing one or more data structures (e.g., a masking table and/or an index thereof) that specify the one or more host systems authorized to access data for an LSU on the storage system. For example, the step 1206 may include accessing the data structure 350, and determining whether one of the entries 360 specifies the requested LSU in the LSU ID column 352 and specifies either the host system in the other information column 358 or a host port of the host system in the host port column 354.

If it is determined in the step 1206 that the host system is not authorized to access data for a particular LSU, the storage system may refrain from providing encryption metadata for the LSU or a portion thereof to the host system in the step 1210. If it is determined in the step 1206 that the host system is authorized to access data for a particular LSU, the storage system may provide the encryption metadata for the LSU or a portion thereof to the host system in the step 1210. The above-described communications between the host system and the storage system may be exchanged using the SSI 716 over the internal fabric 630 of the data storage system 620 a.

The method 1200 may be performed for a plurality of LSUs having data stored on a storage system (e.g., the data storage system 620 a), and for a plurality of host systems (e.g., 614 a-n) having data stored on a data storage system.

In some embodiments, at a prescheduled time (e.g., according to a schedule) or in response to a user instruction, the storage system may determine the one or more LSUs that a host system is authorized to access (e.g., by accessing the data structure 350 as described above), and send the host system the encryption metadata for each LSU and/or for each data portion of the LSU. The storage system may do this for multiple host systems connected to the storage system (e.g., any of host systems 14 a-n and 614 a-n), for example, by looping through the entries of the data structure 350 or index(es) derived therefrom, e.g., indexed by host ID.

Whether in response to a request made by the host system or at the initiative of the storage system, when encryption metadata is received at the host system from the storage system, the encryption metadata may be recorded and maintained on the host system in a step 1209, for example, in one or more data structures 762, 772, 772′, 782 and 750 on the SSI 716.

FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a method 1300 of reading encrypted data from a storage system, according to embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments of reading encrypted data from a storage system, for example, variations of the method 1300, are possible and are intended to fall within the scope of the invention. The method 1300 may be performed, for example, by one or more components of the IO processing logic 717, in conjunction with one or more components of the storage system 620 a, as described in more detail elsewhere herein.

In a step 1302, the host system may receive a read request for a data portion of an LSU. For example, a read request may be received from a host application executing on host system 700, which may result in a read request being sent from the OS 701 (e.g., from the NVMe driver 702) of the host system 700 to the host interface 706 (e.g., to the NVMe controller 706) of the SSI 716 as part of performance of the step 802.

In a step 1304, it may be determined whether the host system already has encryption metadata for the data portion, for example, as a result of one or more actions described elsewhere herein, e.g., in connection with the method 1200. For example, the IO processing logic 717 may determine from one or more data structures 762, 772, 772′, 782 and 750 whether the host system already has encryption metadata for the data portion. If the host system does not already have the encryption metadata for the data portion, the host system may obtain the encryption metadata for the data portion, including encryption metadata, in the step 1306, for example, as described in more detail elsewhere herein.

If it is determined in the step 1304 that the host system does already have the encryption metadata for the data portion, or after it is obtained in the step 1308, or perhaps in parallel to or prior to the performance of the step 1308, the host system may read the data portion from the storage system, for example, as described above in relation to the method 812′, e.g., as a direct read operation as described in relation to timing diagrams of FIGS. 10 and 11. The step 1304 may include accessing metadata (including encryption metadata) for the data portion, for example, from one or more of the data structures 762, 772, 772′, 782 and 750 of the storage metadata 722, e.g., to determine the state and location of the data portion (e.g., in the cache 642 or on a physical storage device 624) as described in more detail elsewhere herein. If the metadata for the data portion is not already present in the storage metadata 722, a read metadata instruction may be sent from the SSI 716 to a director 637 of the storage system 620 a or directly to the global memory 604 of the cache (e.g., as an RDMA read request) as described in relation to the step 814, e.g., in one or more communications 1002.

Step 1304 also may include a data read instruction being sent to a director 637 of the storage system 620 a or directly to the global memory 604 or a physical storage device 624. For example, if the data portion is in the cache 642, data may be read directly from the cache as described in relation to the step 822, e.g., by exchanging communications 1006, 1008, 1010, 1011, 1013 and 1014 as described in more detail elsewhere herein. If the data portion is on one or more physical storage devices 624, the data portion may be read directly from the one or more physical storage devices as described in relation to the step 822, e.g., by exchanging communications 1106, 1110, 1112, 1114 and 1116 as described in more detail elsewhere herein.

In some embodiments, instead of the host system performing a direct read operation, which may include sending a metadata read instruction to the storage system in addition to a data read instruction, the host system may send a read request to a director 637 across network 18 using known techniques.

In a step 1310, it may be determined whether the data portion is encrypted, for example, by accessing the encryption metadata; and if so, the data portion may be decrypted in a step 1314 using the encryption metadata, including the encryption key of the data portion (e.g., the encryption key specific to the LSU of the data portion). For example, the SSI 716 may be configured (e.g., in hardware, firmware and/or software, or a combination thereof) to implement decryption in accordance with one or more decryption algorithms using an encryption key. For example, the IO processing logic 717, SSCI 729 or a combination thereof may be configured to perform decryption.

In a step 1316, the data portion—decrypted or perhaps never encrypted to begin with—may be provided to the host application that originated the read request, for example, via the one or more interconnects 703 and OS 701.

It should be appreciated that the host system may be configured to encrypt a data portion according to the encryption metadata for the data portion (or LSU thereof), and to write the encrypted data portion to storage system. The IO processing logic 717, SSCI 729 or a combination thereof may be configured to perform such encryption. The data portion may be encrypted as part of performing a write operation as described in relation to the step 810 of the method 800 and/or as described in connection with the timing diagram of FIG. 9. In some embodiments, a write instruction may be sent from the SSI to a director 637, whereas, in other embodiments, a write instruction may be sent directly from the SSI 716 to the cache 642 or one or more physical storage devices 624.

Various embodiments of the invention may be combined with each other in appropriate combinations. Additionally, in some instances, the order of steps in the flowcharts, flow diagrams and/or described flow processing may be modified, where appropriate. It should be appreciated that any of the methods described herein, including methods 800, 812′, 1200, 1300 and the methods described in relation to FIGS. 9-11, or parts thereof, may be implemented using one or more of the systems and/or data structures described in relation to FIGS. 1-7, or components thereof. Further, various aspects of the invention may be implemented using software, firmware, hardware, a combination of software, firmware and hardware and/or other computer-implemented modules or devices having the described features and performing the described functions.

Software implementations of embodiments of the invention may include executable code that is stored one or more computer-readable media and executed by one or more processors. Each of the computer-readable media may be non-transitory and include a computer hard drive, ROM, RAM, flash memory, portable computer storage media such as a CD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, a flash drive, an SD card and/or other drive with, for example, a universal serial bus (USB) interface, and/or any other appropriate tangible or non-transitory computer-readable medium or computer memory on which executable code may be stored and executed by a processor. Embodiments of the invention may be used in connection with any appropriate OS.

As used herein, an element or operation recited in the singular and preceded with the word “a” or “an” should be understood as not excluding plural elements or operations, unless such exclusion is explicitly recited. References to “one” embodiment or implementation of the present disclosure are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. Furthermore, a description or recitation in the general form of “at least one of [a], [b] or [c],” or equivalent thereof, should be generally construed to include [a] alone, [b] alone, [c] alone, or any combination of [a], [b] and [c]. In addition, use of a an ordinal term, e.g., “first,” “second” or the like, to qualify a term for an item having multiple instances of the same name does not necessarily indicated a priority, precedence or temporal order between the instances unless otherwise indicated, but rather such ordinal terms may be used merely to distinguish between the separate instances.

Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of the specification or practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with the true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims. 

What is claims is:
 1. For a data storage network including a data storage system and a plurality of host systems having applications executing thereon, the execution of which results in data being stored on a plurality of physical storage devices of the data storage system, and including a plurality of logical storage units corresponding to the plurality of physical storage devices, a method comprising: assigning a first unique encryption key to a first of the plurality of logical storage units; providing the first unique encryption key to one or more of the plurality of host systems that have an application executing thereon corresponding to the first logical storage unit; refraining from providing the first unique encryption key to any of the plurality of host systems that do not have an application executing thereon corresponding to the first logical storage unit; and encrypting data portions of the first logical storage unit stored on one or more of the plurality of physical storage devices using the first unique encryption key.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the storage system: receiving a request from a first of the plurality of host systems for the first unique encryption key; accessing a data structure that associates logical storage units with host systems to determine whether the first host system corresponds to the first logical storage unit; and if the first host system corresponds to the first logical storage unit, providing the first encryption key to the first host system.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: a first of the one or more host systems accessing encryption metadata corresponding to the data portion; the first host system reading an encrypted version of the data portion from the storage system; and the host system decrypting the encrypted version to produce an unencrypted version of the data portion.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the first host system accessing the encryption metadata includes the host system sending a metadata read instruction the storage system.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the host system is directly connected to an internal fabric of the storage system, and wherein the first host system reading the encrypted version of the data portion includes the first host system sending a data read instruction to a global memory or the one or more physical storage devices on the internal fabric independent of any director of the storage system.
 6. The method of claim 3, further comprising: the host system determining whether the data portion is encrypted from the encryption metadata.
 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the data storage system sets a flag within the encryption metadata for the data portion indicating that the data portion is stored on the data storage system in encrypted form.
 8. For a data storage network including a data storage system and a plurality of host systems having applications executing thereon, the execution of which results in data being stored on a plurality of physical storage devices of the data storage system, and including a plurality of logical storage units corresponding to the plurality of physical storage devices, a system comprising: one or more processors; and a memory comprising code thereon that, when executed, performs a method including: assigning a first unique encryption key to a first of the plurality of logical storage units; providing the first unique encryption key to one or more of the plurality of host systems that have an application executing thereon corresponding to the first logical storage unit; refraining from providing the first unique encryption key to any of the plurality of host systems that do not have an application executing thereon corresponding to the first logical storage unit; and encrypting data portions of the first logical storage unit stored on one or more of the plurality of physical storage devices using the first unique encryption key.
 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the method further includes the storage system: receiving a request from a first of the plurality of host systems for the first unique encryption key; accessing a data structure that associates logical storage units with host systems to determine whether the first host system corresponds to the first logical storage unit; and if the first host system corresponds to the first logical storage unit, providing the first encryption key to the first host system.
 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the method further includes: a first of the one or more host systems accessing encryption metadata corresponding to the data portion; the first host system reading an encrypted version of the data portion from the storage system; and the host system decrypting the encrypted version to produce an unencrypted version of the data portion.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the first host system accessing the encryption metadata includes the host system sending a metadata read instruction the storage system.
 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the host system is directly connected to an internal fabric of the storage system, and wherein the first host system reading the encrypted version of the data portion includes the first host system sending a data read instruction to a global memory or the one or more physical storage devices on the internal fabric independent of any director of the storage system.
 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the method further includes: the host system determining whether the data portion is encrypted from the encryption metadata.
 14. The system of claim 10, wherein the data storage system sets a flag within the encryption metadata for the data portion indicating that the data portion is stored on the data storage system in encrypted form.
 15. For a data storage network including a data storage system and a plurality of host systems having applications executing thereon, the execution of which results in data being stored on a plurality of physical storage devices of the data storage system, and including a plurality of logical storage units corresponding to the plurality of physical storage devices, computer-readable media having software stored thereon, the software comprising: executable code that assigns a first unique encryption key to a first of the plurality of logical storage units; executable code that provides the first unique encryption key to one or more of the plurality of host systems that have an application executing thereon corresponding to the first logical storage unit; executable code that refrains from providing the first unique encryption key to any of the plurality of host systems that do not have an application executing thereon corresponding to the first logical storage unit; and executable code that encrypts data portions of the first logical storage unit stored on one or more of the plurality of physical storage devices using the first unique encryption key.
 16. The computer-readable media of claim 15, wherein the software further comprises: executable code that controls receiving a request from a first of the plurality of host systems for the first unique encryption key; executable code that accesses a data structure that associates logical storage units with host systems to determine whether the first host system corresponds to the first logical storage unit; and executable code that provides, if the first host system corresponds to the first logical storage unit, the first encryption key to the first host system.
 17. The computer-readable media of claim 15, wherein the software further comprises: executable code that controls a first of the one or more host systems to access encryption metadata corresponding to the data portion; executable code that controls the first host system to read an encrypted version of the data portion from the storage system; and executable code that controls the host system decrypting the encrypted version to produce an unencrypted version of the data portion.
 18. The computer-readable media of claim 17, wherein the first host system accessing the encryption metadata includes the host system sending a metadata read instruction the storage system.
 19. The computer-readable media of claim 17, wherein the host system is directly connected to an internal fabric of the storage system, and wherein the first host system reading the encrypted version of the data portion includes the first host system sending a data read instruction to a global memory or the one or more physical storage devices on the internal fabric independent of any director of the storage system.
 20. The computer-readable media of claim 17, wherein the software further comprises: executable code that controls the host system to determine whether the data portion is encrypted from the encryption metadata, wherein the data storage system sets a flag within the encryption metadata for the data portion indicating that the data portion is stored on the data storage system in encrypted form. 